文章：

用纳米技术治疗转移性癌症

Treating metastatic cancer with nanotechnology

原文发布日期：2011-12-23

DOI: 10.1038/nrc3180

类型: Review Article

开放获取: 否

要点：

1. In most patients, by the time cancer is detected, metastasis has already occurred. More than 80% of patients diagnosed with lung cancer, for example, present with metastatic disease.
2. Nanotechnology is not alien to the clinic; more than 40 nanotherapeutics have reached patients, including anticancer drugs and imaging agents.
3. Many current therapies are not reaching the sites of metastases. Nanomaterials have the potential to combine multiple therapeutic functions into a single platform, can be targeted to specific tissues and can reach particular subcellular compartments.
4. Primary targeting is the act of steering nanoparticles to the specific organ or organs in which the metastases reside.
5. Secondary targeting is the direction of these delivered materials to the cancer cells and potentially to a specific subcellular location within the cancer cell.
6. Many solid tumours exhibit the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect through which nanomaterials may accumulate and be retained in the tumour. However, this effect is limited to tumours larger than ∼4.6 mm in diameter, hindering its use for targeting small, unvascularized metastases.
7. To treat the complex problem of metastatic cancer, we must combine the expertise of engineers, biologists and clinicians.

要点翻译：

1. 在大多数患者中，当检测到癌症时，转移已经发生。例如，超过80%被诊断患有肺癌的患者就诊时已出现转移性疾病。
2. 纳米技术对临床而言并不陌生；已有40多种纳米治疗剂应用于患者，包括抗癌药物和成像剂。
3. 目前许多疗法无法到达转移灶部位。纳米材料具有将多种治疗功能整合到单一平台的潜力，能够靶向特定组织，并可抵达特定亚细胞结构。
4. 初级靶向是指将纳米颗粒引导至转移灶所在的特定器官或器官组。
5. 次级靶向则是将这些递送的物质导向癌细胞，并可能进一步定位至癌细胞内的特定亚细胞结构。
6. 许多实体肿瘤表现出增强渗透和滞留效应（EPR效应），纳米材料可通过该效应在肿瘤中积聚和滞留。然而，这种效应仅限于直径大于约4.6毫米的肿瘤，限制了其在靶向小型、无血管化转移灶方面的应用。
7. 要解决转移性癌症这一复杂难题，我们必须融合工程师、生物学家和临床医生的专业知识。

英文摘要：

Metastasis accounts for the vast majority of cancer deaths. The unique challenges for treating metastases include their small size, high multiplicity and dispersion to diverse organ environments. Nanoparticles have many potential benefits for diagnosing and treating metastatic cancer, including the ability to transport complex molecular cargoes to the major sites of metastasis, such as the lungs, liver and lymph nodes, as well as targeting to specific cell populations within these organs. This Review highlights the research, opportunities and challenges for integrating engineering sciences with cancer biology and medicine to develop nanotechnology-based tools for treating metastatic disease.

摘要翻译： 

转移是癌症死亡的主要原因。治疗转移面临的独特挑战包括其体积小、数量多以及扩散至不同器官环境。纳米颗粒在诊断和治疗转移性癌症方面具有许多潜在优势，包括能够将复杂的分子货物输送至主要转移部位（如肺、肝和淋巴结），以及靶向这些器官内的特定细胞群体。本文综述了将工程科学与癌症生物学和医学相结合，开发基于纳米技术的转移性疾病治疗工具的研究、机遇与挑战。

原文链接：

Treating metastatic cancer with nanotechnology