文章：

形态形成因子、形态形成因子、微结构与恶性肿瘤

Morphogens, morphostats, microarchitecture and malignancy

原文发布日期：2007-06-01

DOI: 10.1038/nrc2146

类型: Review Article

开放获取: 否

要点：

1. Morphogenetic fields organize tissue morphology and development in the embryo.
2. Adult tissues need to solve the same problems as embryonic tissue: maintaining form even as constituent cells proliferate, move, differentiate and die.
3. The maintenance of epithelial tissues requires, like morphogenesis, a method of relating cell position to function. A morphogenetic field is an evolutionarily well-tried mechanism.
4. By analogy with morphogens, morphostats maintain normal tissue microarchitecture in the adult.
5. In addition to established molecular abnormalities, the most prominent feature of cancer is the disruption of tissue microarchitecture.
6. Cancer arises more readily in tissues where morphostatic fields fail, in tissues removed from their normal morphostatic fields, and in areas situated at the junction of two tissues where morphostatic fields compete or conflict.
7. Known morphogens are agents that are capable of creating morphostatic fields; disruption of morphogen signalling is increasingly implicated in the aetiology of various cancers.
8. Morphostats most plausibly originate in stem cells and in stromal cells that are adjacent to epithelia.
9. Various testable hypotheses follow on from this, most notably, that some cancers will arise as the result of a different two-hit model (either mutation or hypermethylation of genes) — one in a stromal cell and one in the epithelium.

要点翻译：

1. 形态发生场调控胚胎中的组织形态和发育。
2. 成年组织需要应对与胚胎组织相同的问题：在组成细胞增殖、移动、分化和死亡的同时维持形态稳定。
3. 与形态发生类似，上皮组织的维持需要一种将细胞位置与功能相关联的机制。形态发生场是进化史上经充分验证的机制。
4. 类比于形态发生素，形态稳定素在成年个体中维持正常的组织微结构。
5. 除已明确的分子异常外，癌症最显著的特征是组织微结构的破坏。
6. 癌症更容易发生在形态稳定场失效的组织中，脱离正常形态稳定场作用的组织中，以及位于两种组织交界处形态稳定场相互竞争或冲突的区域。
7. 已知的形态发生素是能够创建形态稳定场的物质；形态发生素信号传导的破坏与多种癌症病因学的关联日益明确。
8. 形态稳定素最可能源自干细胞及上皮细胞旁的基质细胞。
9. 由此可推导出多种可验证的假设，最值得注意的是：某些癌症的发生可能源于一种不同的二次打击模型（基因突变或高甲基化）——一次发生在基质细胞，一次发生在上皮细胞。

英文摘要：

Morphogenetic fields organize tissue morphology in the embryo. By analogy, morphostatic fields maintain normal cell behaviour and normal tissue microarchitecture in the adult. The most prominent feature of cancer is the disruption of tissue microarchitecture. Cancer occurs much more frequently when morphostatic influences fail (metaplasia) or at the junction of two different morphostatic fields. This Review will describe what we know about morphostats and morphostasis, discuss the evidence for the role of disruption of morphostasis in malignancy, and address some testable hypotheses.

摘要翻译： 

形态发生场在胚胎中组织组织形态。类似地，形态稳态场在成体中维持正常细胞行为和正常组织微结构。癌症最显著的特征是组织微结构的破坏。当形态稳态影响失败（化生）或出现在两个不同形态稳态场的交界处时，癌症发生得更为频繁。本综述将描述我们对形态稳态和形态稳态维持的了解，讨论形态稳态破坏在恶性肿瘤中作用的证据，并探讨一些可检验的假设。

原文链接：

Morphogens, morphostats, microarchitecture and malignancy