文章：

啮齿动物的癌症：它能告诉我们人类的癌症吗？

Cancer in rodents: does it tell us about cancer in humans?

原文发布日期：2005-10-01

DOI: 10.1038/nrc1715

类型: Review Article

开放获取: 否

要点：

1. Whereas laboratory rodents (namely mice and rats) are similar to humans in some aspects, there are important differences among mammalian species that make valid interpretation and extrapolation of the results from rodent cancer experiments to humans problematic.
2. The five most common human cancers are those of the breast (female), the prostate (male), and the lungs, colon, and stomach (both sexes). Mammary tumours are also common in rodents. However, there are no rat or mouse strains that exhibit a high incidence of spontaneous carcinomas of the stomach or colon.
3. A decrease in the overall risk of cancer owing to old age has been recorded in both human and rodent studies. Three important factors could be responsible for this intriguing decline: detection bias, differential selection, and the effects of individual ageing. Studies in rodents argue against a diagnostic bias as a leading cause.
4. The risk of cancer has increased over time in most human populations. Why this is remains unclear, but addressing this problem is crucial for understanding the nature of cancer.
5. Some studies indicate that the differences in cancer incidence rates between males and females are similar in rodents and humans. This is a surprising finding that requires additional explanation.
6. Whereas tumours often grow at a slower rate during old age, the chances for survival of a transplanted tumour in a recipient host often increases with rodent age. This is in agreement with human data indicating that ageing can both decelerate tumour growth and increase the chances of latent tumour survival in older organisms.
7. The spontaneous regression of tumours is a rare phenomenon in adult humans, whereas it is common in mature laboratory rodents. This effect and its implications need further investigation.
8. Few rodent carcinogens were established as clearly carcinogenic to humans. Similarly, some human carcinogens are not carcinogenic to rodents. This creates a significant problem for interpreting the results of animal experiments with carcinogens in relation to humans.
9. These and other differences warn against the simple extrapolation of the results of rodent experiments to humans and call for further investigation of this important problem to reliably predict cancer risks, as well as foster success in treating human cancers based on data from laboratory animal studies.

要点翻译：

1. 尽管实验室啮齿动物（即小鼠和大鼠）在某些方面与人类相似，但哺乳动物物种之间存在重要差异，这使得将啮齿动物癌症实验结果有效解读和推演至人类存在困难。
2. 人类五种最常见的癌症是乳腺（女性）、前列腺（男性）以及肺、结肠和胃（两性）的癌症。乳腺肿瘤在啮齿动物中也较为常见。然而，目前尚无任何大鼠或小鼠品系表现出高自发性的胃癌或结肠癌。
3. 人类和啮齿动物研究均记录到，随着年龄增长，总体癌症风险会有所下降。导致这一有趣下降趋势的三个重要因素可能包括：检测偏倚、差异性选择以及个体衰老的影响。针对啮齿动物的研究并不支持诊断偏倚是主要原因。
4. 在大多数人群中，癌症风险随时间推移而增加。其原因尚不明确，但解决这一问题对于理解癌症的本质至关重要。
5. 一些研究表明，啮齿动物与人类在癌症发病率上的性别差异相似。这一惊人发现需要进一步解释。
6. 虽然肿瘤在老年期通常生长速度减慢，但移植肿瘤在受体宿主体内的存活几率却常随啮齿动物年龄增长而增加。这与人类数据一致，表明衰老既能减缓肿瘤生长，又会增加潜在肿瘤在老年机体内存活的机会。
7. 肿瘤的自发性消退在成年人类中属罕见现象，但在成熟实验室啮齿动物中却较为常见。这一效应及其影响需进一步研究。
8. 很少有啮齿动物致癌物被明确证实对人类也具有致癌性。同样，一些人类致癌物对啮齿动物并无致癌作用。这为解读针对人类的致癌物动物实验结果带来了重大难题。
9. 这些差异及其他诸多差异警示我们，不应简单地将啮齿动物实验结果推演至人类，并呼吁对这一重要问题进行深入研究，以便基于实验室动物研究数据可靠预测癌症风险，并推动人类癌症治疗的成功。

英文摘要：

Information obtained from animal models (mostly mice and rats) has contributed substantially to the development of treatments for human cancers. However, important interspecies differences have to be taken into account when considering the mechanisms of cancer development and extrapolating the results from mice to humans. Comparative studies of cancer in humans and animal models mostly focus on genetic factors. This review discusses the bio-epidemiological aspects of cancer manifestation in humans and rodents that have been underrepresented in the literature.

摘要翻译： 

来自动物模型（主要是小鼠和大鼠）的信息为开发人类癌症治疗方法做出了重要贡献。然而，在考虑癌症发生机制并将小鼠实验结果推广到人类时，必须重视种间差异。目前，比较人类与动物模型癌症的研究多聚焦于遗传因素。本文综述了人类与啮齿类动物癌症表现中，那些在文献中被忽视的生物-流行病学特征。

原文链接：

Cancer in rodents: does it tell us about cancer in humans?