The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a well-vascularised extra-embryonic membrane that supports avian embryonic development and can be used as an implantation site for xenograft models of various cancers. CAM tumour research models are powerful and versatile, offering a rapid, cost-effective and ethical complement to mouse xenograft studies. Their capacity for real-time observation of tumour growth, angiogenesis and metastasis within an immunocompetent living organism is particularly compelling. While CAM models have been extensively utilised for investigating solid cancers, such as breast, lung and pancreatic, their potential for haematological malignancy research remains comparatively underexplored. This review examines the relevance, advantages and translational potential of avian CAM models in studying blood cancers. Their applications across three primary categories are discussed—leukaemias, lymphomas and myelomas—highlighting experimental approaches that replicate aspects of human disease progression and therapeutic responsiveness. Moreover, the review evaluates species-specific considerations relevant to model fidelity, including evolutionary distance and functional parallels between avian and human haematopoiesis. These comparisons underscore both the opportunities and limitations for utilising CAM models in haematologic malignancy research. For their potential to investigate mechanisms of cancer development and treatment in simple but immunocompetent in vivo settings, we propose that CAM tumour models offer high value as a bridge between in vitro and mammalian in vivo studies for haematology translational research.
绒毛尿囊膜（CAM）是一种血管化程度高的胚胎外膜，支持禽类胚胎发育，可作为多种癌症异种移植模型的植入部位。CAM肿瘤研究模型功能强大且用途广泛，为小鼠异种移植研究提供了快速、经济且符合伦理的补充方案。其能在具有免疫活性的活体中实时观察肿瘤生长、血管生成和转移过程的能力尤其引人关注。尽管CAM模型已广泛用于研究实体癌（如乳腺、肺和胰腺癌），但在血液恶性肿瘤研究领域的潜力仍相对未得到充分探索。本综述探讨了禽类CAM模型在血液癌症研究中的相关性、优势及转化潜力，并讨论了其在三大类疾病（白血病、淋巴瘤和骨髓瘤）中的应用，重点介绍了能模拟人类疾病进展和治疗反应特征的实验方法。此外，本文还评估了影响模型保真度的物种特异性因素，包括禽类与人类造血系统的进化距离和功能相似性。这些比较既凸显了CAM模型在血液恶性肿瘤研究中的机遇，也揭示了其局限性。鉴于CAM模型能在简单但具免疫活性的体内环境中探究癌症发展机制和治疗策略，我们认为该模型可作为血液学转化研究中连接体外与哺乳动物体内研究的重要桥梁，具有极高价值。
A Bird’s Eye View: A Close Look into Avian CAM Models for Translational Blood Cancer Research
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家