Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most aggressive primary brain tumor, characterized by extensive intra-tumoral heterogeneity, profound local immunosuppression, and a highly adaptive tumor microenvironment that resists conventional therapies. Immunotherapy for GBM tries to overcome these barriers by reactivating anti-tumor immunity through cellular, molecular, and immune-modulatory interventions. The therapeutic efficacy of the cell-based vaccines in patients with glioma and glioblastoma is primarily driven by tumor antigen-specific CD8+T cell activation, orchestrated by CD4+T cell help. Several whole-cell vaccine platforms (e.g., DCVax-L, CMV-targeted vaccines, and Cancer Transplant Immune Recognition Therapy (CTITR)) provide personalized formulations. CTITR consists of irradiated autologous and allogeneic glioma cells and their lysates, leveraging the inherent immunogenicity of allogeneic material to bypass the need for predefined tumor-specific antigen selection. This strategy promotes broad CD8+T cell expansion, potentially exceeding 109antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, sufficient for substantial tumor clearance. Such a preparation can start with approximately 1 g of surgically resected tumor tissue per patient to generate both autologous and allogeneic vaccine components. Clinical observations indicate that cell-based vaccine preparations can be effective in both newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients treated post-surgery and in patients with recurrent gliomas. Cell-based vaccines, including CTITR, offer novel, antigen-agnostic immunotherapeutic platforms that harness autologous DC and autologous and allogeneic glioma cells, and their lysates bypass the need for predefined tumor-specific antigen selection.
胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）作为最具侵袭性的原发性脑肿瘤，其特点包括显著的瘤内异质性、强烈的局部免疫抑制以及高度适应性的肿瘤微环境，这些因素共同导致其对常规疗法产生抵抗。针对GBM的免疫治疗旨在通过细胞、分子及免疫调节干预手段重新激活抗肿瘤免疫，以突破这些障碍。基于细胞的疫苗在胶质瘤和胶质母细胞瘤患者中的疗效主要依赖于肿瘤抗原特异性CD8+T细胞的活化，并由CD4+T细胞的辅助作用协调完成。多种全细胞疫苗平台（如DCVax-L、巨细胞病毒靶向疫苗及癌症移植免疫识别疗法）提供了个性化治疗方案。其中，癌症移植免疫识别疗法采用经辐照的自体和异体胶质瘤细胞及其裂解物，利用异体材料固有的免疫原性，无需预先确定肿瘤特异性抗原选择。该策略能够促进广泛的CD8+T细胞扩增，可能产生超过10^9个抗原特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞，足以实现显著的肿瘤清除。此类疫苗制备可从每位患者约1克手术切除的肿瘤组织开始，同时生成自体和异体疫苗成分。临床观察表明，基于细胞的疫苗制剂对新诊断的胶质母细胞瘤术后患者以及复发性胶质瘤患者均具有疗效。包括癌症移植免疫识别疗法在内的细胞疫苗，通过利用自体树突状细胞、自体和异体胶质瘤细胞及其裂解物，构建了新型的抗原非依赖性免疫治疗平台，无需预先确定肿瘤特异性抗原选择。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家