Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies in men worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop accurate, accessible biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy monitoring. Tumor markers, which can be measured in blood, urine, or tissue, provide valuable information regarding tumor presence, progression, and response to treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of routinely used diagnostic and emerging biomarkers for prostate cancer, based on a systematic MEDLINE/PubMed search. Key biomarkers analyzed include PSA and its derivatives, PCA3, and TMPRSS2-ERG, as well as genomic tests such as Prolaris, Decipher, and ConfirmMDx, and liquid biopsy-based tests such as ExoDx Prostate and SelectMDx. This narrative review demonstrates that although PSA remains the mainstay of prostate cancer diagnosis, emerging molecular and genomic biomarkers are enhancing diagnostic specificity, refining risk stratification, and enabling more personalized patient care. The integration of routinely used and novel biomarkers can improve early detection, optimize treatment decisions, and ultimately improve outcomes of prostate cancer patients.
前列腺癌是全球男性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。因此，迫切需要开发准确、易获取的生物标志物用于诊断、预后评估和治疗监测。肿瘤标志物可通过血液、尿液或组织进行检测，为肿瘤存在、进展及治疗反应提供重要信息。本综述基于对MEDLINE/PubMed数据库的系统检索，全面概述了前列腺癌常规诊断标志物及新兴生物标志物。重点分析的生物标志物包括PSA及其衍生物、PCA3和TMPRSS2-ERG，以及基因组检测如Prolaris、Decipher和ConfirmMDx，还有基于液体活检的检测方法如ExoDx Prostate和SelectMDx。本叙述性综述表明，尽管PSA仍是前列腺癌诊断的主要依据，但新兴的分子和基因组生物标志物正在提升诊断特异性、完善风险分层，并推动更个性化的患者管理。常规标志物与新型生物标志物的整合应用，有助于改善早期检测、优化治疗决策，最终提升前列腺癌患者的临床结局。
The Clinical Relevance of Tumor Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer—A Review
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家