Liver cancer, predominantly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Although systemic therapies have advanced in recent years, overall survival remains limited for many patients. A deeper understanding of the molecular and immunological landscape of HCC has driven the emergence of new therapeutic paradigms, from molecularly targeted agents to immune checkpoint blockade. Concurrently, innovations in liver transplantation, liquid biopsy, and multi-omics profiling are reshaping the therapeutic algorithm for selected candidates. This review summarises recent progress in molecular classification, tumour microenvironment mapping, and immune modulation, and examines how these translational insights are redefining clinical practice. Particular emphasis is placed on the integration of molecular markers into transplant eligibility, downstaging strategies, and post-transplant immunosuppression, providing a comprehensive, precision-oriented framework that bridges basic discovery and patient-centred care.
肝癌，主要为肝细胞癌（HCC），仍是全球癌症相关死亡的主要原因。尽管近年来全身性治疗取得进展，但许多患者的总生存期仍然有限。对HCC分子与免疫学特征的深入理解推动了新治疗模式的出现，从分子靶向药物到免疫检查点阻断疗法。与此同时，肝移植、液体活检及多组学分析技术的创新正在重塑特定患者的治疗策略。本综述总结了分子分型、肿瘤微环境图谱及免疫调控领域的最新进展，并探讨这些转化医学见解如何重塑临床实践。特别关注分子标志物在移植适宜性评估、降期治疗策略及移植后免疫抑制管理中的整合应用，构建了一个连接基础研究与以患者为中心的精准医疗综合框架。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家