The current known data on the involvement of the peptidergic systems in breast cancer progression is overwhelmingly vast. Peptidergic systems are useful tools for imaging, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of breast cancer. These systems play a crucial role in both basic and clinical breast cancer research by enabling the exploration of novel molecular mechanisms, signaling pathways, and the development of effective drug design strategies. Breast cancer cells overexpress peptide receptors; at the same time they are known to interact with peptides that (a) exert an oncogenic action (adrenomedullin 2, endothelin, gastrin-releasing peptide, neurokinin A, neuromedin, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide), (b) exert an anticancer action (angiotensin (1–7), ghrelin, peptide YY) or (c) exert dual oncogenic and anticancer effects (adrenomedullin, angiotensin II, bradykinin, corticotropin-releasing factor, β-endorphin, glucagon-like peptide 1, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, kisspeptin, methionine-enkephalin, oxytocin). This indicates that peptides, as well as peptide receptor agonists and antagonists, may serve as antitumor agents due to their diverse actions against breast cancer development, including the inhibition of cell proliferation, migration and invasion, induction of apoptosis, and anti-angiogenesis. Multiple strategies have been developed to combat breast cancer, including peptide receptor silencing; antibodies conjugated to specific signaling proteins; antibodies targeting specific peptide receptors or oncogenic peptides; and the use of peptides or peptide receptor agonists/antagonists loaded with antitumor cargo. Future lines of research are suggested in breast cancer using promising anti-breast-cancer peptide receptor antagonists (HOE-140, exendin (9–39), bosentan, macitentan, PD168,368, CGP71,683A, SR48,692, aprepitant) or agonists (FR190,997, semaglutide, exendin 4, goserelin) mentioned in this review. Peptidergic systems have tremendous anti-breast-cancer clinical potential which must be exploited and developed. Taken together, the available data highlight the enormous promise of translational research into breast cancer and peptidergic systems for the development of effective treatments. A full understanding of the roles played by the peptidergic systems in breast cancer will serve to improve diagnosis and treatment.
目前已知关于肽能系统参与乳腺癌进展的数据极为庞大。肽能系统是乳腺癌成像、诊断、预后和治疗的有用工具。这些系统通过探索新的分子机制、信号通路以及开发有效的药物设计策略，在基础和临床乳腺癌研究中发挥着关键作用。乳腺癌细胞过度表达肽受体；同时已知它们与以下肽类相互作用：(a) 发挥致癌作用（肾上腺髓质素2、内皮素、胃泌素释放肽、神经激肽A、神经调节肽、神经肽Y、神经降压素、P物质、血管活性肠肽），(b) 发挥抗癌作用（血管紧张素(1-7)、生长素释放肽、肽YY）或(c) 兼具致癌和抗癌双重效应（肾上腺髓质素、血管紧张素II、缓激肽、促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子、β-内啡肽、胰高血糖素样肽1、促性腺激素释放激素、吻素、甲硫氨酸脑啡肽、催产素）。这表明肽类以及肽受体激动剂和拮抗剂，因其对乳腺癌发展的多种作用（包括抑制细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭，诱导细胞凋亡以及抗血管生成），可能作为抗肿瘤药物。目前已开发出多种对抗乳腺癌的策略，包括肽受体沉默；与特定信号蛋白偶联的抗体；靶向特定肽受体或致癌肽的抗体；以及使用载有抗肿瘤物质的肽类或肽受体激动剂/拮抗剂。本综述提出了未来乳腺癌研究方向，涉及具有前景的抗乳腺癌肽受体拮抗剂（HOE-140、exendin(9-39)、波生坦、马西替坦、PD168,368、CGP71,683A、SR48,692、阿瑞匹坦）或激动剂（FR190,997、司美格鲁肽、exendin 4、戈舍瑞林）。肽能系统具有巨大的抗乳腺癌临床潜力，亟待开发利用。综上所述，现有数据突显了乳腺癌与肽能系统转化研究在开发有效疗法方面的巨大前景。全面理解肽能系统在乳腺癌中的作用将有助于改善诊断和治疗。
The Involvement of the Peptidergic Systems in Breast Cancer Development
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家