Bladder carcinoma (BC) is evaluated as the ninth most common cancer worldwide and the sixth most common cancer among men. The determination of the occurrence and stage of the disease is a significant diagnostic task. An alternative to an invasive biopsy may be the determination of biomarkers in patient samples such as bladder tissue, blood serum, plasma, or urine samples. The aim of this paper is to review reports on the role of proteases in bladder cancer and their determination in cancerous samples. Proteases can be classified in several groups depending on their catalytic residue, most commonly aspartic, cysteine, serine, metalloproteinases, and others. A review was made of papers reporting cysteine cathepsins: B, L, H, V, S, aspartyl cathepsin D, and metalloproteinases MMP 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 14, and 15, as well as ubiquitin-specific proteases USP 1, 2a and 5. The majority of the reviewed papers show an increase in marker concentration in bladder cancer samples versus a control. Only a few of them provide quantitative information about MMP biomarkers in bladder tissue (cancerous and control tissue), and none give such information about cathepsins. Levels of the order of µg/g protein are characteristic of MMP biomarkers in urinary bladder tissue. Most reported concentrations of proteases in blood serum/plasma and urine are at levels of ng/mL, both cancerous and control samples. It is concluded that the reviewed papers do not provide a clear picture concerning the use of proteases as bladder cancer biomarkers or concerning the levels of particular proteases in control samples. Potential new analytical tools for protease determination are discussed. More work in this area is necessary, especially by scientists equipped with new analytical tools.
膀胱癌（BC）被评估为全球第九大常见癌症，也是男性中第六大常见癌症。确定该疾病的发生和分期是一项重要的诊断任务。替代侵入性活检的方法可能是测定患者样本（如膀胱组织、血清、血浆或尿液样本）中的生物标志物。本文旨在综述关于蛋白酶在膀胱癌中的作用及其在癌症样本中测定的报告。蛋白酶可根据其催化残基分为几类，最常见的有天冬氨酸蛋白酶、半胱氨酸蛋白酶、丝氨酸蛋白酶、金属蛋白酶等。本文综述了关于半胱氨酸组织蛋白酶B、L、H、V、S，天冬氨酸组织蛋白酶D，金属蛋白酶MMP 1、2、3、7、9、10、14和15，以及泛素特异性蛋白酶USP 1、2a和5的报告。大多数综述的论文显示，与对照组相比，膀胱癌样本中标志物浓度有所增加。其中只有少数提供了关于膀胱组织（癌组织和对照组织）中MMP生物标志物的定量信息，而关于组织蛋白酶则没有提供此类信息。在膀胱组织中，MMP生物标志物的水平通常在µg/g蛋白质的数量级。大多数报道的血清/血浆和尿液中蛋白酶浓度（无论是癌症样本还是对照样本）均在ng/mL水平。结论是，综述的论文未能明确说明蛋白酶作为膀胱癌生物标志物的应用，也未明确对照样本中特定蛋白酶的水平。本文讨论了用于蛋白酶测定的潜在新分析工具。该领域需要更多的工作，特别是那些配备新分析工具的科学家。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家