Cutaneous melanoma is the most severe form of skin cancer. The incidence of the disease has been increasing in the last decades, largely due to increased ultraviolet radiation exposure. A comprehensive understanding of the complex biological processes involved in melanoma development and progression is essential for advancing patient care. Improvement in surveillance strategies, widespread use of sentinel lymph node biopsy, and breakthroughs in systemic therapy have all contributed considerably to enhancing patient outcomes and survival. Rapid advancements in melanoma management are expected to continue, particularly through innovations in molecular biology and genetics. These emerging technologies aim to enhance diagnostic accuracy, predict disease progression, and improve prognosis. Staying informed about these evolving developments is essential for professionals dealing with melanoma patients. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of cutaneous melanoma, covering fundamental areas, such as histopathology, genetics, epidemiology, diagnosis, and staging. It provides a foundation to enhance understanding of current treatment approaches and the principles behind emerging technologies. This review also highlights future directions in melanoma care, including improvements in neoadjuvant therapy, use of artificial intelligence-based algorithms, use of molecular biomarkers to improve diagnosis and prognosis, and development of personalized neoantigen mRNA vaccines. Ultimately, this review aims to support clinicians in understanding the current landscape and anticipated innovations in melanoma management to improve clinical decision-making.
皮肤黑色素瘤是最严重的皮肤癌类型。近几十年来，该疾病的发病率持续上升，主要归因于紫外线辐射暴露的增加。全面理解黑色素瘤发生发展所涉及的复杂生物学过程，对于推进患者诊疗至关重要。监测策略的改进、前哨淋巴结活检的广泛应用以及系统性治疗的突破，均显著提升了患者预后与生存率。黑色素瘤管理领域的快速发展预计将持续推进，尤其在分子生物学和遗传学创新方面。这些新兴技术旨在提高诊断准确性、预测疾病进展并改善预后。对于从事黑色素瘤诊疗的专业人员而言，及时了解这些前沿进展至关重要。本文通过叙述性综述全面概述皮肤黑色素瘤的研究现状，涵盖组织病理学、遗传学、流行病学、诊断与分期等基础领域，为深入理解当前治疗策略及新兴技术原理奠定基础。同时重点展望黑色素瘤诊疗的未来方向，包括新辅助治疗的优化、人工智能算法的应用、分子标志物在诊断与预后评估中的价值，以及个体化新抗原mRNA疫苗的研发。本综述最终旨在帮助临床医师把握黑色素瘤管理的现状与创新趋势，以提升临床决策水平。
Melanoma Skin Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Current Knowledge
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家