Objectives:This study aimed to assess any ethnic differences in blood calcium and albumin levels for patients receiving these tests in primary care, and to investigate how this affects the use of these markers in assessing cancer risk.Methods:The analysis was based on a primary care dataset comprising patients in England. Multilevel logistic regression was used to investigate the relationship between blood test results and cancer risk by ethnic group.Results:A total of 4,632,856 patients were eligible for the albumin analysis, and 1,979,763 for the calcium analysis. Raised calcium levels were indicative of an increased risk of cancer, with diagnostic odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 2.0 to 2.7 for the different ethnic groups. ORs for myeloma were between 6.6 and 13.6. Similarly, low albumin was associated with an increased risk of cancer with an OR of between 3.2 and 3.8, myeloma (OR between 8.7 and 10.0), and liver cancer (OR between 9.2 and 15.7).Conclusions:Albumin and corrected calcium were effective indicators of cancer risk, and more specifically of risk of myeloma. Albumin levels were also linked with liver cancer risk. While there are some differences in typical corrected calcium and albumin levels between ethnic groups, there was no evidence that this had an effect on the usefulness of these markers to infer cancer risk.
目的：本研究旨在评估初级保健中接受血钙和白蛋白检测的患者是否存在种族差异，并探讨这种差异如何影响这些标志物在评估癌症风险中的应用。 方法：分析基于英国初级保健患者数据集。采用多水平逻辑回归模型，按种族分组研究血液检测结果与癌症风险之间的关系。 结果：共有4,632,856名患者符合白蛋白分析条件，1,979,763名患者符合钙分析条件。血钙水平升高提示癌症风险增加，不同种族群体的诊断比值比（OR）介于2.0至2.7之间。多发性骨髓瘤的OR值介于6.6至13.6。同样，低白蛋白水平与癌症风险增加相关（OR值3.2-3.8），其中多发性骨髓瘤（OR值8.7-10.0）和肝癌（OR值9.2-15.7）关联性尤为显著。 结论：白蛋白和校正钙是有效的癌症风险指标，对多发性骨髓瘤风险具有特异性指示作用。白蛋白水平还与肝癌风险相关。尽管不同种族群体在典型校正钙和白蛋白水平上存在一定差异，但尚无证据表明这种差异会影响这些标志物在推断癌症风险方面的有效性。
Calcium and Albumin Blood Tests, Ethnicity, and Cancer Incidence in Primary Care in the UK
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家