Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is a rare and aggressive type of malignancy characterized by heterogeneity both in tumor biology and in the immune microenvironment. Most patients are diagnosed with advanced-stage disease and have limited curative options. Although the introduction of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has transformed the treatment landscape for several solid tumors, their effects on BTC remain modest. New combinations have promoted incremental improvements in the survival of patients with advanced BTC, but the complex interplay between immune therapies and the tumor microenvironment continues to be a major challenge to improve therapeutic outcomes. Nonetheless, ongoing studies are investigating combinations that may potentially improve results in this lethal disease. This review provides an overview of the evolving role of ICIs in BTC, discusses the impact of tumor heterogeneity on treatment response, and explores future directions to optimize patient selection.
胆道癌是一种罕见且侵袭性强的恶性肿瘤，其肿瘤生物学特征及免疫微环境均具有高度异质性。多数患者确诊时已处于晚期阶段，治疗选择有限。尽管免疫检查点抑制剂的引入已改变多种实体瘤的治疗格局，但其对胆道癌的疗效仍较为有限。新型联合疗法虽在一定程度上延长了晚期胆道癌患者的生存期，但免疫疗法与肿瘤微环境之间复杂的相互作用，仍是改善治疗效果的主要挑战。目前多项研究正在探索可能提升这一致命疾病疗效的联合治疗方案。本文综述了免疫检查点抑制剂在胆道癌治疗中不断演变的作用，探讨了肿瘤异质性对治疗反应的影响，并对优化患者选择的未来方向进行了展望。
Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors for Biliary Tract Cancer: Who Benefits and What Is Next?
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家