Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the landscape of cancer therapy by reactivating immune surveillance mechanisms against tumor cells. In the context of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and broader head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), agents such as pembrolizumab, durvalumab, and ipilimumab target PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, respectively. This review comprehensively examines their clinical efficacy, safety profiles, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential in OSCC management, with an emphasis on strategies to overcome therapeutic resistance. A systematic analysis of the literature was conducted, focusing on clinical outcomes, ongoing trials, and emerging combination therapies. Pembrolizumab has demonstrated significant improvements in overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in OSCC patients. Durvalumab, mainly utilized in locally advanced or recurrent disease, has shown survival benefit, particularly in combination or maintenance settings. Ipilimumab exhibits durable responses in advanced OSCC, with enhanced efficacy observed when used alongside nivolumab in dual checkpoint blockade regimens. Although both pembrolizumab and nivolumab target PD-1, they differ in clinical indications and regulatory approvals. Notably, ICIs are associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs), requiring careful monitoring. Collectively, these agents represent promising therapeutic options in oral cancer, though future studies must prioritize the identification of predictive biomarkers and the development of optimized combination strategies to maximize therapeutic benefit while minimizing toxicity.
免疫检查点抑制剂通过重新激活针对肿瘤细胞的免疫监视机制，已彻底改变了癌症治疗的格局。在口腔鳞状细胞癌及更广泛的头颈部鳞状细胞癌治疗领域，帕博利珠单抗、度伐利尤单抗和伊匹木单抗分别靶向PD-1、PD-L1和CTLA-4通路。本综述系统考察了这些药物在口腔鳞癌治疗中的临床疗效、安全性特征、作用机制及治疗潜力，重点探讨克服治疗耐药性的策略。通过对文献的系统分析，聚焦临床结局、进行中的临床试验及新兴联合疗法，研究发现：帕博利珠单抗在口腔鳞癌患者中展现出显著的总生存期和无进展生存期改善；主要用于局部晚期或复发性疾病的度伐利尤单抗显示出生存获益，尤其在联合或维持治疗模式下表现突出；伊匹木单抗在晚期口腔鳞癌中产生持久应答，与纳武利尤单抗联用的双检查点阻断方案可增强疗效。尽管帕博利珠单抗与纳武利尤单抗均靶向PD-1，但二者在临床适应症和监管批准方面存在差异。值得注意的是，免疫检查点抑制剂可能引发免疫相关不良事件，需要密切监测。总体而言，这些药物为口腔癌治疗提供了前景广阔的选择，但未来研究需重点聚焦预测性生物标志物的鉴定及优化联合策略的开发，以期在最大化治疗获益的同时降低毒性风险。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家