Pulmonary carcinoids (PCs) are rare tumors, with an incidence ranging from 0.2 to 2 cases per 100,000 population per year. They account for 1–2% of all invasive pulmonary malignancies and represent approximately one-fourth to one-third of all well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in the body. PCs are generally classified as low- to intermediate-grade malignant tumors, further subdivided into typical carcinoid (TC) and atypical carcinoid (AC), respectively. These tumors exhibit neuroendocrine morphology and differentiation, originating from mature cells of the pulmonary diffuse neuroendocrine system. Traditionally, they are categorized as central or peripheral based on their location relative to the bronchial tree; however, they can arise anywhere within the lung parenchyma. Over 40% of cases may be detected incidentally on a standard chest X-ray, although contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) remains the diagnostic gold standard. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for PCs, with the goal of complete tumor removal while preserving as much healthy lung tissue as possible. In contrast, advanced cases are typically not amenable to surgery, and medical management is focused on controlling hormone-related symptoms and limiting tumor progression. This review aims to provide an overview of the current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to pulmonary carcinoids.
肺类癌是一种罕见肿瘤，年发病率约为每10万人0.2-2例。在所有侵袭性肺部恶性肿瘤中占比1-2%，约占全身高分化神经内分泌肿瘤的四分之一至三分之一。该肿瘤通常被归类为低至中级别恶性肿瘤，可进一步细分为典型类癌与非典型类癌。此类肿瘤具有神经内分泌形态学特征和分化表现，起源于肺弥漫性神经内分泌系统的成熟细胞。传统上根据其与支气管树的位置关系分为中央型与外周型，但实际可发生于肺实质的任何部位。超过40%的病例可通过标准胸部X线检查偶然发现，但增强计算机断层扫描仍是诊断金标准。手术切除是肺类癌的首选治疗方案，目标是在尽可能保留健康肺组织的前提下实现肿瘤完全切除。而对于晚期病例通常不适合手术，内科治疗重点在于控制激素相关症状并抑制肿瘤进展。本综述旨在概述当前肺类癌的诊断与治疗策略。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家