文章：

外源性雌激素作为乳腺癌风险因素：一种视角

Exogenous Estrogens as Breast Cancer Risk Factors: A Perspective

原文发布日期：18 August 2025

DOI: 10.3390/cancers17162680

类型: Article

开放获取: 是

英文摘要：

Background: The human body’s exposure to high levels of endogenous estrogens and their metabolites, such as estradiol, estriol, 2-hydroxyestradiol, and 4-hydroxyestradiol, is implicated in the development and complications of breast cancers (BCs). Besides endogenous estrogen production, the human body is also exposed to environmental sources of estrogen and estrogen-like compounds, which include pharmaceutical estrogens, xenoestrogens, and phytoestrogens. Females consume pharmaceutical estrogens as a constituent of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and oral contraceptive pills, either alone or in combination with progestins. Additionally, humans, including females, are exposed to estrogen-resembling non-native compounds called xenoestrogens, prevailing in pesticides, plastics, and personal care items via inhalation, dermal contact, and oral consumption. Several phytoestrogens, such as isoflavones and lignans, are consumed by humans as food ingredients. Methods and Results: Emerging cellular and molecular experimental evidence indicates that when binding to estrogen receptors (ERs), various pharmaceutical estrogens, including equine/synthetic forms, progestin combinations, and xenoestrogens, promote BC development and complications by triggering survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion of these cells. Conversely, other experimental observations reveal the protective and beneficial effects of phytoestrogens like genistein from soy products on BC development and complications. Conclusions: This comprehensive review article describes the implications of exposure to exogenous estrogens, such as pharmaceutical estrogens, xenoestrogens, and phytoestrogens, as risk factors in the prevention or development of BC and its complications.

摘要翻译： 

背景：人体暴露于高水平的内源性雌激素及其代谢物（如雌二醇、雌三醇、2-羟基雌二醇和4-羟基雌二醇）与乳腺癌的发生发展及并发症密切相关。除内源性雌激素外，人体还会接触来自环境的外源性雌激素及类雌激素化合物，包括药用雌激素、异种雌激素和植物雌激素。女性通过绝经后激素替代疗法及口服避孕药（单独或与孕激素联合使用）摄入药用雌激素。此外，人类（包括女性）还会通过吸入、皮肤接触和口服摄入存在于杀虫剂、塑料制品及个人护理用品中的异种雌激素——这类非天然化合物具有类似雌激素的结构。人类亦通过食物摄入多种植物雌激素，如异黄酮和木脂素。方法与结果：新兴的细胞与分子实验证据表明，当各类药用雌激素（包括马源/合成形式、孕激素复合制剂）及异种雌激素与雌激素受体结合时，会通过触发乳腺癌细胞的存活、增殖、血管生成和侵袭过程，促进乳腺癌的发生发展及并发症。相反，其他实验观察揭示了植物雌激素（如大豆制品中的染料木黄酮）对乳腺癌及其并发症具有保护性有益作用。结论：本综述系统阐述了外源性雌激素（如药用雌激素、异种雌激素和植物雌激素）的暴露作为风险因素，在乳腺癌及其并发症的预防或发展中的潜在影响。

原文链接：

Exogenous Estrogens as Breast Cancer Risk Factors: A Perspective