Neutrophils are increasingly recognized as key players in the tumor microenvironment (TME), displaying functional plasticity that enables them to either promote or inhibit cancer progression. Depending on environmental cues, tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) may polarize toward antitumor “N1” or protumor “N2” phenotypes, exerting diverse effects on tumor growth, metastasis, immune modulation, and treatment response. While previous studies have focused on the pathological roles of TANs in cancer, less attention has been given to how cancer therapies themselves influence the behavior of TANs. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge regarding the dynamics of TANs in response to major cancer treatment modalities, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, cell-based immunotherapies, and oncolytic viral and bacterial therapies. We discuss how these therapies influence TAN recruitment, polarization, and effector functions within the TME, and highlight key molecular regulators involved. By consolidating mechanistic and translational insights, this review emphasizes the potential to therapeutically reprogram TANs to enhance treatment efficacy. A deeper understanding of context-dependent TAN roles will be essential for developing more effective, neutrophil-informed cancer therapies.
中性粒细胞作为肿瘤微环境（TME）中的关键参与者日益受到重视，其功能可塑性使其既能促进也能抑制癌症进展。根据微环境信号，肿瘤相关中性粒细胞（TANs）可极化为抗肿瘤的“N1”表型或促肿瘤的“N2”表型，对肿瘤生长、转移、免疫调节及治疗反应产生多样化影响。既往研究多聚焦于TANs在癌症中的病理作用，而关于癌症疗法本身如何影响TANs行为的探讨相对不足。本综述系统整合了当前关于TANs响应主要癌症治疗模式（包括化疗、放疗、细胞免疫疗法、溶瘤病毒及细菌疗法）的动态变化研究。我们探讨了这些疗法如何影响TANs在肿瘤微环境中的募集、极化及效应功能，并重点阐述了相关的关键分子调控机制。通过整合机制研究与转化医学视角，本文强调通过治疗性重编程TANs以提升疗效的潜在价值。深入理解TANs在特定情境下的作用机制，对于开发更有效、基于中性粒细胞调控的癌症治疗策略至关重要。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家