Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T and T-cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T-cell (TCR-T) therapies have revolutionized the treatment of hematological malignancies; however, their application to solid tumors remains a formidable challenge. The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, antigen heterogeneity, and manufacturing complexity limit the clinical efficacy and scalability of these treatment modalities. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current clinical development strategies for CAR-T and TCR-T cell therapies for solid tumors. Herein, we discuss recent breakthroughs and highlight the potential of TCR-T cell therapy. Furthermore, innovative approaches for enhancing CAR-T cell function in solid tumors (e.g., in vivo engineering; induced pluripotent stem cell-derived allogeneic CAR-T cells; armored CAR constructs; dual-antigen targeting; and combination regimens with checkpoint inhibitors, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and oncolytic viruses) are explored. We also present trends in global patent activity, revealing a marked acceleration in CAR-T- and TCR-T-related innovations, with the United States and China leading with respect to application volumes. This field is increasingly characterized by multidisciplinary collaborations between academia and industry, driving the development of next-generation platforms, including messenger RNA-based and off-the-shelf cell therapies. Although no CAR-T product has been approved for solid tumors, these findings underscore the accelerating momentum and translational promise of adoptive cell therapies. Addressing the unique biological and logistical challenges of solid tumors is essential for realizing the full potential of these transformative immunotherapies.
嵌合抗原受体T细胞（CAR-T）与T细胞受体工程化T细胞（TCR-T）疗法已彻底改变血液系统恶性肿瘤的治疗格局，但其在实体瘤治疗中的应用仍面临严峻挑战。免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境、抗原异质性及制备工艺复杂性等因素，限制了这些治疗模式的临床疗效与可扩展性。本综述系统分析了当前实体瘤CAR-T与TCR-T细胞疗法的临床研发策略，探讨了该领域的最新突破，并着重阐释了TCR-T细胞疗法的应用潜力。同时，深入剖析了增强实体瘤CAR-T细胞功能的创新策略（包括：体内工程化技术、诱导多能干细胞来源的同种异体CAR-T细胞、装甲型CAR结构设计、双抗原靶向策略，以及与免疫检查点抑制剂、化疗、放疗、溶瘤病毒的联合治疗方案）。通过分析全球专利态势，发现CAR-T与TCR-T相关创新呈现显著加速趋势，中美两国在专利申请量上处于领先地位。该领域日益凸显学术界与产业界的多学科协作特征，正推动包括mRNA技术平台与通用型细胞疗法在内的新一代技术平台发展。尽管目前尚无CAR-T产品获批用于实体瘤治疗，但这些进展标志着过继性细胞疗法正加速迈向临床转化。唯有攻克实体瘤特有的生物学与工艺学难题，才能充分释放这些变革性免疫疗法的治疗潜力。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家