Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) have emerged as pivotal mediators of host–microbe interactions, profoundly influencing cancer biology. These nanoscale vesicles, produced by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, carry diverse biomolecular cargo such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and metabolites. BEVs play dualistic roles in tumor promotion and suppression by modulating the tumor microenvironment, immune responses, and genetic regulation. This review synthesizes the current understanding of BEVs in various cancers, including gastrointestinal, ovarian, breast, lung, brain, and renal malignancies. BEVs are highlighted for their potential as diagnostic biomarkers, prognostic indicators, and therapeutic agents, including their applications in immunotherapy and advanced engineering for precision medicine. Challenges such as heterogeneity, standardization, and clinical scalability are critically analyzed, with case examples providing actionable insights. Future directions emphasize interdisciplinary collaborations, emerging technologies, and the integration of BEV-based tools into clinical workflows. This review underscores the transformative potential of BEVs in advancing cancer diagnostics and therapeutics, paving the way for innovations in precision oncology.
细菌胞外囊泡（BEVs）已成为宿主-微生物相互作用的关键介质，深刻影响着癌症生物学。这些由革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌产生的纳米级囊泡，携带着蛋白质、脂质、核酸及代谢物等多种生物分子。通过调控肿瘤微环境、免疫应答及基因表达，BEVs在肿瘤促进与抑制中扮演双重角色。本综述整合了当前对BEVs在各类癌症（包括胃肠道癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌、肺癌、脑癌及肾癌）中作用机制的理解，重点探讨其作为诊断生物标志物、预后指标及治疗载体（包括在免疫治疗和精准医学工程化应用）的潜力。文章深入分析了BEVs在异质性、标准化及临床转化等方面面临的挑战，并通过案例研究提出可行性见解。未来发展方向强调跨学科合作、新兴技术应用以及BEV工具与临床工作流程的整合。本综述揭示了BEVs在推动癌症诊断与治疗领域的变革潜力，为精准肿瘤学的创新发展开辟了新路径。
Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Oncology: Molecular Mechanisms and Future Clinical Applications
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家