The gut microbiota significantly impacts the development and progression of upper gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including esophageal and gastric cancers. Microbial dysbiosis contributes to carcinogenesis through mechanisms such as inflammation, immune modulation, and direct DNA damage. Techniques for sampling oral, esophageal, and gastric microbiota vary, with standardization being essential for reliable results. Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) are associated with an enrichment of Gram-negative bacteria, promoting inflammation and cancer progression. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) also shows distinct microbial patterns, with reduced diversity and increased harmful bacteria likePorphyromonas gingivalisandFusobacterium nucleatum. In gastric cancer (GC), Helicobacter pylori (HP) and non-HP gastric microbiota play significant roles, with diverse microbial communities contributing to cancer development through nitrate reduction, immune modulation, and inflammation. Emerging evidence highlights the role of non-HP bacteria in promoting carcinogenesis, with specific taxa likeFusobacterium nucleatumandLactobacillusinfluencing tumor growth and immune evasion. Further research is needed to elucidate the complex interactions between gut microbiota and upper GI cancers, paving the way for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Understanding these microbial dynamics offers potential for microbiota-based interventions, improving the early detection, prognosis, and treatment of upper GI cancers. This comprehensive review summarizes the available evidence on the role of microbiota in upper GI oncology and the need for continued exploration in this field.
肠道微生物群对上消化道（GI）癌症（包括食管癌和胃癌）的发生发展具有显著影响。微生物失调通过炎症、免疫调节和直接DNA损伤等机制促进癌变。口腔、食管和胃微生物群的采样技术各不相同，标准化对于获得可靠结果至关重要。巴雷特食管（BE）和食管腺癌（EAC）与革兰氏阴性菌富集相关，这些细菌会促进炎症和癌症进展。食管鳞状细胞癌（ESCC）也表现出独特的微生物模式，其多样性降低而有害细菌（如牙龈卟啉单胞菌和具核梭杆菌）增加。在胃癌（GC）中，幽门螺杆菌（HP）和非HP胃微生物群发挥重要作用，多种微生物群落通过硝酸盐还原、免疫调节和炎症促进癌症发展。新出现的证据强调了非HP细菌在促进癌变中的作用，如具核梭杆菌和乳杆菌等特定类群会影响肿瘤生长和免疫逃逸。需要进一步研究以阐明肠道微生物群与上消化道癌症之间复杂的相互作用，为新的诊断和治疗方法铺平道路。理解这些微生物动态为基于微生物群的干预提供了潜力，有助于改善上消化道癌症的早期检测、预后和治疗。本综述全面总结了微生物群在上消化道肿瘤学中作用的现有证据，并强调了该领域持续探索的必要性。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家