Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) presents a significant diagnostic challenge, particularly in small renal masses. The search for non-invasive screening methods and biomarkers has directed research toward liquid biopsy, which focuses on microRNAs (miRNAs), exosomes, and circulating tumor cells (CTCs). miRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that show considerable dysregulation in RCC, and they have potential for both diagnostic and prognostic applications. Research has highlighted their utility on biofluids, such as plasma, serum, and urine, in detecting RCC and characterizing its subtypes. Promising miRNA signatures have been associated with overall survival, suggesting their potential importance in the management of RCC. Exosomes, which carry a variety of molecular components, including miRNAs, are emerging as valuable biomarkers, whereas CTCs, released from primary tumors into the bloodstream, provide critical information on cancer progression. However, translation of these findings into clinical practice requires additional validation and standardization through large-scale studies and robust evidence. Although there are currently no approved diagnostic tests for RCC, the future potential of liquid biopsy in monitoring, treatment decision-making, and outcome prediction in patients with this disease is significant. This review examined and discussed recent developments in liquid biopsy for RCC, assessing both the strengths and limitations of these approaches for managing this disease.
肾细胞癌（RCC）的诊断面临重大挑战，尤其是在小肾肿块中。寻找无创筛查方法和生物标志物的研究已转向液体活检，重点关注微小RNA（miRNA）、外泌体和循环肿瘤细胞（CTC）。miRNA是一类小型非编码RNA分子，在RCC中表现出显著的失调，具有诊断和预后应用的潜力。研究强调了其在血浆、血清和尿液等生物流体中检测RCC及其亚型特征的应用价值。有前景的miRNA特征谱与总生存期相关，表明其在RCC管理中具有潜在重要性。外泌体携带包括miRNA在内的多种分子成分，正成为有价值的生物标志物；而CTC从原发肿瘤释放到血液中，为癌症进展提供了关键信息。然而，将这些发现转化为临床实践需要通过大规模研究和可靠证据进行额外验证和标准化。尽管目前尚无获批的RCC诊断检测方法，但液体活检在监测、治疗决策和预后预测方面的未来潜力巨大。本综述探讨并讨论了RCC液体活检的最新进展，评估了这些方法在管理该疾病中的优势和局限性。
Liquid Biopsy as a New Tool for Diagnosis and Monitoring in Renal Cell Carcinoma
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家