Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide, primarily affecting women. Its heterogeneous nature poses a significant challenge in the development of effective and targeted treatments. Molecular characterization has enabled breast cancer to be classified into four main subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, HER2-positive, and triple-negative breast cancer, based on hormone receptor expression and HER2 status. A deeper understanding of these molecular markers and their associated signaling pathways, such as MAPK and PI3K/AKT, is essential for improving prognosis and optimizing treatment strategies. Currently, several therapeutic agents are utilized in neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies, often in combination with surgical interventions. However, emerging evidence highlights the growing challenge of drug resistance, which significantly limits the efficacy of existing treatments. Addressing this issue may require innovative approaches, including combination therapies and precision medicine strategies, tailored to the molecular profile of each patient. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms driving breast cancer progression and resistance is crucial for the development of advanced targeted therapies with greater precision and efficacy. This review aims to explore recent advancements in molecular research related to breast cancer subtypes and provide a critical analysis of current therapeutic approaches within the framework of precision medicine.
乳腺癌仍是全球范围内最为普遍的疾病之一，主要影响女性群体。其高度异质性对开发有效靶向治疗方案构成重大挑战。基于激素受体表达与HER2状态，分子特征分析已将乳腺癌分为四种主要亚型：管腔A型、管腔B型、HER2阳性型及三阴性乳腺癌。深入理解这些分子标志物及其相关信号通路（如MAPK和PI3K/AKT通路），对于改善预后和优化治疗策略至关重要。目前新辅助与辅助治疗中常采用多种治疗药物，并多与外科手术联合应用。然而最新研究证据凸显出耐药性问题日益严峻，显著限制了现有疗法的有效性。解决这一难题可能需要创新性策略，包括针对患者个体分子特征的联合疗法与精准医疗方案。因此，全面理解驱动乳腺癌进展与耐药的病理生理机制，对于开发更具精准性与疗效的先进靶向疗法具有关键意义。本综述旨在探讨乳腺癌亚型分子研究的最新进展，并在精准医疗框架下对当前治疗策略进行批判性分析。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家