Cancer remains a leading global health challenge, placing immense burdens on individuals and healthcare systems. Despite advancements in traditional treatments, significant limitations persist, including treatment resistance, severe side effects, and disease recurrence. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising alternative, leveraging the immune system to target and eliminate tumour cells. However, challenges such as immunotherapy resistance, patient response variability, and the need for improved biomarkers limit its widespread success. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current landscape of cancer immunotherapy, highlighting both FDA-approved therapies and novel approaches in clinical development. It explores immune checkpoint inhibitors, cell and gene therapies, monoclonal antibodies, and nanotechnology-driven strategies, offering insights into their mechanisms, efficacy, and limitations. By integrating emerging research and clinical advancements, this review underscores the need for continued innovation to optimise cancer immunotherapy and overcome existing treatment barriers.
癌症仍是全球健康领域的重大挑战，给个人及医疗系统带来沉重负担。尽管传统治疗方法不断进步，但仍存在显著局限性，包括治疗耐药性、严重副作用及疾病复发等问题。免疫疗法作为一种前景广阔的新兴治疗策略，通过调动免疫系统靶向清除肿瘤细胞而备受关注。然而，免疫治疗耐药性、患者反应差异性以及生物标志物体系亟待完善等挑战，制约了其广泛应用成效。本综述系统分析了当前癌症免疫治疗的发展格局，重点探讨了美国食品药品监督管理局批准的疗法及处于临床研发阶段的新型策略。文章深入剖析了免疫检查点抑制剂、细胞与基因疗法、单克隆抗体以及纳米技术驱动策略的作用机制、疗效表现与现存局限。通过整合前沿研究成果与临床进展，本文强调持续创新的必要性，以优化癌症免疫治疗方案，突破现有治疗壁垒。
Current Landscape and Future Directions in Cancer Immunotherapy: Therapies, Trials, and Challenges
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家