This review comprehensively compares lymphoma in humans and dogs, highlighting the canine model’s utility in translational research. Canine lymphoma (cL), predominantly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mirrors human non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) in its clinical presentation, including lymphadenopathy, systemic symptoms (e.g., fever, weight loss), and hematological abnormalities. Morphologically, cL and NHL share similarities in DLBCL subtypes (centroblastic, immunoblastic, anaplastic), although some variations exist, such as the presence of macronuclear medium-sized cells in canine polymorphonuclear centroblastic lymphoma, not observed in humans. Canine and human lymphomas share molecular mechanisms, including the activation of key pathways like NF-κB and mTOR, and genetic and epigenetic alterations. The tumor microenvironment influences tumor growth and immune evasion in both species. Both species exhibit similar responses to chemotherapy, primarily CHOP-based protocols, although canine lymphoma often progresses more rapidly, offering advantages for shorter clinical trials. Molecular targeted therapy is emerging as a promising treatment, with human therapies like rituximab and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy showing efficacy, and canine treatments still developing. Epidemiological data reveal overlapping risk factors, including exposure to environmental carcinogens (e.g., household chemicals, pollution) and the potential influence of sex hormones, although the role of sex hormones requires further investigation in canines. While staging systems differ slightly (Lugano modification of Ann Arbor for humans, WHO system for dogs), both consider disease extent and systemic involvement. Prognostic factors, such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, are relevant in human NHL but have not shown consistent utility in cL. This study concludes that the spontaneous development of cL in immunocompetent dogs, coupled with its clinical, histological, and therapeutic similarities to human NHL, makes the canine model invaluable for preclinical research, accelerating the development of novel diagnostic tools and therapies for both human and canine lymphoma. The shared environmental risk factors and shorter disease progression in dogs further enhance the translational potential of this model, promoting a One Health approach to cancer research.
本综述系统比较了人类与犬类淋巴瘤，重点探讨犬类模型在转化医学研究中的应用价值。犬淋巴瘤（cL）以弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL）为主，其临床表现与人类非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）高度相似，包括淋巴结肿大、全身症状（如发热、体重减轻）及血液学异常。形态学上，cL与NHL在DLBCL亚型（中心母细胞型、免疫母细胞型、间变性）具有共性，但也存在差异，例如犬多形性中心母细胞淋巴瘤中可见巨核中型细胞，而人类病例中未见此类特征。 犬类与人类淋巴瘤在分子机制上存在共同点，包括NF-κB和mTOR等关键通路的激活，以及遗传和表观遗传学改变。肿瘤微环境对两个物种的肿瘤生长和免疫逃逸均产生影响。两者对化疗（主要基于CHOP方案）的反应相似，但犬淋巴瘤进展通常更快，这为缩短临床试验周期提供了优势。分子靶向治疗正成为新兴疗法，利妥昔单抗和嵌合抗原受体T细胞疗法等人类治疗方案已显疗效，而犬类治疗手段仍在发展中。 流行病学数据显示两者风险因素存在重叠，包括环境致癌物暴露（如家用化学品、污染物）和性激素潜在影响，但性激素在犬类中的作用仍需进一步研究。虽然分期系统略有差异（人类采用Ann Arbor分期卢加诺修订版，犬类采用WHO系统），但两者均考量疾病范围及全身受累情况。乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）水平等预后因素在人类NHL中具有参考价值，但在cL中尚未展现一致的预测效用。 本研究结论指出：免疫健全犬类自发性cL的发生，结合其与人类NHL在临床、组织学和治疗方面的相似性，使犬类模型在临床前研究中具有不可替代的价值，可加速人类与犬类淋巴瘤新型诊断工具及疗法的开发。两者共享的环境风险因素及犬类更快的疾病进展速度，进一步增强了该模型的转化潜力，为癌症研究践行"一体化健康"理念提供了重要支撑。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家