The regucalcin gene is located on the X chromosome, comprising seven exons and six introns. This gene and protein are expressed in various tissues and cells and is predominantly expressed in human liver, kidney, and adrenal tissues. Regucalcin gene expression is enhanced via a mechanism mediated by several signaling molecules and transcription factors. Regucalcin plays a multifunctional role in cellular regulation in maintaining cell homeostasis. In addition, regucalcin has been implicated in several metabolic disorders and diseases. In particular, regucalcin plays a role as a novel suppressor in several types of cancer patients. Increased expression of regucalcin suppresses the growth of human cancer cells, suggesting its pivotal role in suppressing tumor development. The survival time of cancer patients is prolonged with increased expression of regucalcin in the tumor tissues. The adhesion, migration, invasion, and bone metastatic activity of cancer cells are blocked by the overexpression of regucalcin, promoting dormancy in cancer patients. Interestingly, regucalcin is also found in human serum, suggesting its character as a novel biomarker in various diseases. This extracellular regucalcin has been shown to suppress human cancer cells’ growth and bone metastatic activity. Thus, extracellular regucalcin may play a vital role as a suppressor of human cancer activity. Alteration of the serum regucalcin levels in physiological and pathophysiological conditions may influence the activity of cancer cells in the microenvironment. This review will discuss the potential role of extracellular regucalcin in cancer cell activity as a critical suppressor in the cancer microenvironment.
钙调素抑制蛋白基因位于X染色体上，包含七个外显子和六个内含子。该基因及其编码蛋白在多种组织和细胞中均有表达，其中在人体的肝脏、肾脏及肾上腺组织中表达最为显著。钙调素抑制蛋白基因的表达通过多种信号分子和转录因子介导的机制得以增强。钙调素抑制蛋白在细胞调控中发挥多功能作用，维持细胞稳态。此外，钙调素抑制蛋白与多种代谢紊乱及疾病的发生发展密切相关。特别值得注意的是，钙调素抑制蛋白在多种癌症患者中发挥着新型抑制因子的作用。其表达水平的升高能够抑制人类癌细胞的生长，提示其在抑制肿瘤发展过程中具有关键作用。当肿瘤组织中钙调素抑制蛋白表达增加时，癌症患者的生存期得以延长。钙调素抑制蛋白的过表达能够阻断癌细胞的黏附、迁移、侵袭及骨转移活性，促进癌症患者进入疾病休眠状态。值得注意的是，钙调素抑制蛋白也存在于人类血清中，这提示其可能成为多种疾病的新型生物标志物。研究证实，这种细胞外钙调素抑制蛋白能够抑制人类癌细胞的生长和骨转移活性。因此，细胞外钙调素抑制蛋白可能作为人类癌症活性的重要抑制因子发挥关键作用。在生理和病理生理条件下，血清钙调素抑制蛋白水平的改变可能影响微环境中癌细胞的活性。本综述将探讨细胞外钙调素抑制蛋白作为癌症微环境中的关键抑制因子，在调控癌细胞活性方面可能发挥的潜在作用。
Extracellular Regucalcin: A Potent Suppressor in the Cancer Cell Microenvironment
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家