Background: Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors with unique biological characteristics and complications, including thromboembolism. This systematic review evaluates the incidence, types, and clinical outcomes of venous thromboembolic events (VTEs) in NEN patients.Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Embase was conducted to identify studies on TEs in NENs. Eligible studies included case reports, case series, and retrospective cohort studies reporting VTEs, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and visceral vein thrombosis (VVT). Data were extracted on tumor site, functionality, differentiation grade, and VTE type.Results: In total, 33 studies were included, comprising 26 case reports, 2 case series, and 5 retrospective cohort studies. VTE prevalence ranged from 7.5% to 33% across studies. The most common VTEs were DVT, PE, and portal vein thrombosis (PVT). A meta-analysis revealed a pooled VTE prevalence of 11.1% (95% CI: 9.07–13.53%). Pancreatic NENs exhibited the highest thrombotic burden, particularly in poorly differentiated and advanced-stage tumors. Functioning tumors, including glucagonomas and ACTH-secreting NENs, were strongly associated with VTEs, potentially related to their systemic effects on coagulation and inflammation.Conclusions: Venous thromboembolism is a significant complication in NEN patients, especially in advanced or poorly differentiated tumors. Early detection and targeted management are critical for improving outcomes. Further investigations are required to clarify the mechanisms underlying thromboembolism in NENs and to develop optimized prophylactic and therapeutic strategies tailored to this patient population.
背景：神经内分泌肿瘤是一组具有独特生物学特征和并发症的异质性肿瘤，其中血栓栓塞是其重要并发症之一。本系统综述旨在评估神经内分泌肿瘤患者静脉血栓栓塞事件的发生率、类型及临床结局。 方法：系统检索PubMed、Scopus和Embase数据库中关于神经内分泌肿瘤血栓栓塞事件的研究。纳入标准包括病例报告、病例系列及回顾性队列研究，需报告静脉血栓栓塞事件（包括深静脉血栓、肺栓塞及内脏静脉血栓）。提取数据涵盖肿瘤部位、功能性、分化程度及静脉血栓栓塞类型。 结果：共纳入33项研究，包括26篇病例报告、2篇病例系列和5项回顾性队列研究。各研究中静脉血栓栓塞发生率介于7.5%至33%之间。最常见的静脉血栓栓塞类型为深静脉血栓、肺栓塞和门静脉血栓。荟萃分析显示合并静脉血栓栓塞发生率为11.1%（95% CI：9.07–13.53%）。胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的血栓负荷最高，尤其在低分化和晚期肿瘤中表现显著。功能性肿瘤（包括胰高血糖素瘤和促肾上腺皮质激素分泌型神经内分泌肿瘤）与静脉血栓栓塞密切相关，这可能与其对凝血和炎症系统的全身性影响有关。 结论：静脉血栓栓塞是神经内分泌肿瘤患者的重要并发症，在晚期或低分化肿瘤中尤为突出。早期识别和针对性管理对改善预后至关重要。未来需进一步研究阐明神经内分泌肿瘤血栓栓塞的潜在机制，并制定针对该患者群体的优化预防和治疗策略。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家