Melanoma is one of the most malignant cancers, and the global incidence of cutaneous melanoma is increasing. While melanomas are highly prone to metastasize if diagnosed late, early detection and treatment significantly reduce the risk of mortality. Identifying patients at higher risk of metastasis, who might benefit from early adjuvant therapies, is particularly important, especially with the advent of new melanoma treatments. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop additional prognostic biomarkers for melanoma to improve early stratification of patients and accurately identify high-risk subgroups, ultimately enabling more effective personalized treatments. Recent advances in melanoma therapy, including targeted treatments and immunotherapy, have underscored the importance of biomarkers in determining prognosis and predicting treatment response. The clinical application of these markers holds the potential for significant advancements in melanoma management. Various tumor-derived genetic, proteomic, and cellular components are continuously released into the bloodstream of cancer patients. These molecules, including circulating tumor DNA and RNA, proteins, tumor cells, and immune cells, are emerging as practical and precise liquid biomarkers for cancer. In the current era of effective molecular-targeted therapies and immunotherapies, there is an urgent need to integrate these circulating biomarkers into clinical practice to facilitate personalized treatment. This review highlights recent discoveries in circulating melanoma biomarkers, explores the challenges and potentials of emerging technologies for liquid biomarker discovery, and discusses future directions in melanoma biomarker research.
黑色素瘤是最具侵袭性的恶性肿瘤之一，全球皮肤黑色素瘤发病率持续上升。若诊断延迟，黑色素瘤极易发生转移，但早期发现和治疗可显著降低死亡风险。尤其在新型黑色素瘤疗法不断涌现的背景下，识别具有较高转移风险、可能从早期辅助治疗中获益的患者显得尤为重要。因此，亟需开发更多黑色素瘤预后生物标志物，以完善早期患者分层体系，精准识别高风险亚群，最终实现更有效的个体化治疗。近年来靶向治疗和免疫治疗等黑色素瘤疗法的突破性进展，凸显了生物标志物在预后判断和治疗反应预测中的关键作用。这些标志物的临床应用有望推动黑色素瘤诊疗取得重大进展。肿瘤来源的各类遗传物质、蛋白质组学成分及细胞组分持续释放进入癌症患者血液循环，包括循环肿瘤DNA与RNA、蛋白质、肿瘤细胞及免疫细胞在内的这些分子，正成为实用且精准的癌症液体生物标志物。在当前分子靶向治疗与免疫治疗取得显著成效的时代，迫切需要将这些循环生物标志物整合到临床实践中以促进个体化治疗。本综述重点阐述循环黑色素瘤生物标志物的最新发现，探讨液体生物标志物检测新兴技术面临的挑战与发展潜力，并对黑色素瘤生物标志物研究的未来方向进行展望。
Melanoma’s New Frontier: Exploring the Latest Advances in Blood-Based Biomarkers for Melanoma
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家