Numerous cutting-edge immunotherapy approaches have been developed for hematological malignancies, such as immune-checkpoint inhibitors for lymphomas, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell treatments for B-cell cancers, and monoclonal antibody therapies for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, achieving similar breakthroughs in MPNs has proven challenging. The key obstacles include the absence of universally expressed and MPN-specific surface markers, significant cellular and molecular variability among both individual patients and across different MPN subtypes, and the failure of treatments to stimulate an anti-tumor immune response due to the immune system disruptions caused by the myeloid neoplasm. Currently, there are several innovative therapies in clinical trials for MPNs. These include new JAK inhibitors with greater specificity for JAK2, as well as “add-on” medications designed to enhance the effectiveness of ruxolitinib, in both patients who are new to the drug and in those who have shown suboptimal responses. Additionally, there is ongoing exploration of novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we will explore the immunotherapy approaches that are currently used in clinical practice for MPNs, as well as emerging strategies that are likely to change the treatment of these diseases in the coming years.
针对血液系统恶性肿瘤已开发出多种前沿免疫疗法，如用于淋巴瘤的免疫检查点抑制剂、针对B细胞肿瘤的嵌合抗原受体（CAR）-T细胞疗法，以及治疗急性髓系白血病（AML）的单克隆抗体疗法。然而，在骨髓增殖性肿瘤（MPNs）领域实现类似突破仍面临挑战。主要障碍包括：缺乏普遍表达且MPN特异性的表面标志物；不同患者个体及MPN亚型间存在显著的细胞与分子异质性；以及由于髓系肿瘤引发的免疫系统紊乱，导致现有疗法难以激发有效的抗肿瘤免疫应答。目前，多项创新疗法正在MPNs临床试验中进行评估，包括对JAK2具有更高选择性的新型JAK抑制剂，以及旨在增强鲁索替尼疗效的联合用药方案（涵盖初治患者和应答欠佳患者）。此外，新型治疗靶点的探索也在持续开展。本综述将系统阐述当前MPNs临床实践中应用的免疫治疗策略，并展望未来数年可能改变这类疾病治疗格局的新兴疗法。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家