Background:Humans cannot avoid plastic exposure due to its ubiquitous presence in the natural environment. The waste generated is poorly biodegradable and exists in the form of MPs, which can enter the human body primarily through the digestive tract, respiratory tract, or damaged skin and accumulate in various tissues by crossing biological membrane barriers. There is an increasing amount of research on the health effects of MPs. Most literature reports focus on the impact of plastics on the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, hormonal, nervous, and immune systems, as well as the metabolic effects of MPs accumulation leading to epidemics of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. MPs, as xenobiotics, undergo ADMET processes in the body, i.e., absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which are not fully understood. Of particular concern are the carcinogenic chemicals added to plastics during manufacturing or adsorbed from the environment, such as chlorinated paraffins, phthalates, phenols, and bisphenols, which can be released when absorbed by the body. The continuous increase in NMP exposure has accelerated during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic when there was a need to use single-use plastic products in daily life. Therefore, there is an urgent need to diagnose problems related to the health effects of MP exposure and detection.Methods:We collected eligible publications mainly from PubMed published between 2017 and 2024.Results:In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on potential sources and routes of exposure, translocation pathways, identification methods, and carcinogenic potential confirmed by in vitro and in vivo studies. Additionally, we discuss the limitations of studies such as contamination during sample preparation and instrumental limitations constraints affecting imaging quality and MPs detection sensitivity.Conclusions:The assessment of MP content in samples should be performed according to the appropriate procedure and analytical technique to ensure Quality and Control (QA/QC). It was confirmed that MPs can be absorbed and accumulated in distant tissues, leading to an inflammatory response and initiation of signaling pathways responsible for malignant transformation.
背景：由于塑料在自然环境中无处不在，人类无法避免接触塑料。其产生的废弃物难以生物降解，并以微塑料（MPs）的形式存在，主要通过消化道、呼吸道或受损皮肤进入人体，并跨越生物膜屏障在各组织中积累。关于MPs对健康影响的研究日益增多。多数文献报道聚焦于塑料对呼吸、消化、生殖、内分泌、神经及免疫系统的影响，以及MPs积累导致的肥胖、糖尿病、高血压和非酒精性脂肪肝等代谢性疾病的流行。作为外源性物质，MPs在体内经历吸收、分布、代谢和排泄（ADMET）过程，这些过程尚未被完全阐明。尤其值得关注的是塑料制造过程中添加或从环境中吸附的致癌化学物质，如氯化石蜡、邻苯二甲酸酯、酚类和双酚类，这些物质在被人体吸收时可能释放出来。在SARS-CoV-2大流行期间，日常生活中一次性塑料制品的使用需求增加，进一步加速了纳米/微塑料（NMP）暴露的持续增长。因此，亟需对MP暴露的健康影响及相关检测问题进行诊断。 方法：我们主要收集了2017年至2024年间PubMed收录的符合条件的研究文献。 结果：本综述总结了当前关于MPs潜在来源与暴露途径、转运路径、鉴定方法以及通过体外和体内研究证实的致癌潜力的现有认知。此外，我们还讨论了相关研究的局限性，如样品制备过程中的污染问题，以及影响成像质量和MPs检测灵敏度的仪器限制因素。 结论：样品中MP含量的评估应依据适当的流程和分析技术进行，以确保质量控制（QA/QC）。研究证实，MPs可被吸收并积累于远端组织，引发炎症反应并启动导致恶性转化的信号通路。
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