Bladder cancer (BCa) is a prevalent urogenital malignancy, characterized by a myriad of genetic and environmental risk factors that drive its progression. Approximately 75% of bladder tumors are non-muscle-invasive at diagnosis. For such cases, bladder preservation is often feasible with intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy. However, the high recurrence rates associated with these tumors necessitate multiple cystoscopic examinations and biopsies, leading to significant financial burden and morbidity. Despite bladder tumors exhibiting one of the highest cancer mutational loads, which typically correlates with improved responses to immunotherapy, challenges persist. The tumor microenvironment serves as a nexus for interactions between tumor cells and the immune system, wherein chemokines and chemokine receptors orchestrate the recruitment of immune cells. This review addresses existing gaps in our understanding of chemokine dynamics in BCa by elucidating the specific roles of key chemokines in shaping the immune landscape of the tumor microenvironment (TME). We explore how dysregulation of chemokine signaling pathways contributes to the recruitment of immunosuppressive cell populations, such as Tregs and monocytes, leading to an unfavorable immune response. Additionally, we highlight the potential of these chemokines as predictive biomarkers for tumor progression and treatment outcomes, emphasizing their role in informing personalized immunotherapeutic strategies. By integrating insights into chemokine networks and their implications for immune cell dynamics, this review seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between chemokines and the immune microenvironment in BCa. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of targeting these chemokine pathways as innovative immunotherapeutic strategies, paving the way for enhanced treatment responses and improved patient outcomes.
膀胱癌是一种常见的泌尿生殖系统恶性肿瘤，其进展受多种遗传和环境风险因素驱动。约75%的膀胱肿瘤在确诊时属于非肌层浸润性。对于此类病例，通过膀胱内灌注化疗或免疫治疗通常可实现保膀胱治疗。然而，这类肿瘤的高复发率需要多次膀胱镜检查和活检，导致显著的经济负担和疾病痛苦。尽管膀胱肿瘤具有最高的癌症突变负荷之一（通常与免疫治疗反应改善相关），但仍面临诸多挑战。肿瘤微环境是肿瘤细胞与免疫系统相互作用的枢纽，其中趋化因子及其受体协调着免疫细胞的募集。本综述通过阐明关键趋化因子在塑造肿瘤微环境免疫格局中的具体作用，填补当前对膀胱癌中趋化因子动态认知的空白。我们探讨趋化因子信号通路失调如何促进免疫抑制性细胞群（如调节性T细胞和单核细胞）的募集，从而导致不利的免疫反应。此外，我们强调这些趋化因子作为肿瘤进展和治疗效果的预测性生物标志物的潜力，并着重阐述其在指导个体化免疫治疗策略中的作用。通过整合对趋化因子网络及其对免疫细胞动态影响的见解，本综述旨在全面理解膀胱癌中趋化因子与免疫微环境的相互作用机制。进一步地，我们探讨靶向这些趋化因子通路作为创新免疫治疗策略的潜力，为提升治疗反应和改善患者预后开辟新途径。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家