Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fifth most common cause of cancer death in the world. Regarding the age at which the diagnosis was made, GC is divided into early-onset gastric cancer (EOGC—up to 45 years of age) and conventional GC (older than 45). EOGC constitutes approximately 10% of all GCs. Numerous reports indicate that EOGC is more aggressive than conventional GC and is often discovered at an advanced tumor stage, which has an impact on the five-year survival rate. The median survival rate for advanced-stage GC is very poor, amounting to less than 12 months. Risk factors for GC include family history, alcohol consumption, smoking,Helicobacter pylori, and Epstein–Barr virus infection. It has been shown that a proper diet and lifestyle can play a preventive role in GC. However, research indicates that risk factors for conventional GC are less correlated with EOGC. In addition, the unclear etiology of EOGC and the late diagnosis of this disease limit the possibilities of effective treatment. Genetic factors are considered a likely cause of EOGC, as young patients are less exposed to environmental carcinogens. Research characterizing GC in young patients is scarce. This comprehensive study presents all aspects: epidemiology, risk factors, new treatment strategies, and future directions.
胃癌是全球第五大常见确诊癌症及第五大常见癌症致死原因。根据确诊年龄，胃癌可分为早发性胃癌（EOGC——45岁及以下）和传统型胃癌（45岁以上）。早发性胃癌约占所有胃癌病例的10%。大量研究表明，早发性胃癌较传统型胃癌更具侵袭性，且常在肿瘤晚期阶段被发现，这对五年生存率产生显著影响。晚期胃癌的中位生存率极低，通常不足12个月。胃癌的危险因素包括家族史、饮酒、吸烟、幽门螺杆菌感染以及EB病毒感染。研究表明，合理的饮食与生活方式对胃癌具有预防作用。然而，现有研究显示传统型胃癌的危险因素与早发性胃癌关联性较弱。此外，早发性胃癌病因不明及诊断延迟限制了有效治疗的可能性。由于年轻患者较少暴露于环境致癌物，遗传因素被认为是早发性胃癌的潜在诱因。目前针对年轻患者胃癌特征的研究较为匮乏。本综述全面阐述了该疾病的流行病学特征、危险因素、新型治疗策略及未来研究方向。
Gastric Cancer: An Up-to-Date Review with New Insights into Early-Onset Gastric Cancer
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家