Human diseases are multifaceted, starting with alterations at the cellular level, damaging organs and their functions, and disturbing interactions and immune responses. In vitro systems offer clarity and standardisation, which are crucial for effectively modelling disease. These models aim not to replicate every disease aspect but to dissect specific ones with precision. Controlled environments allow researchers to isolate key variables, eliminate confounding factors and elucidate disease mechanisms more clearly. Technological progress has rapidly advanced model systems. Initially, 2D cell culture models explored fundamental cell interactions. The transition to 3D cell cultures and organoids enabled more life-like tissue architecture and enhanced intercellular interactions. Advanced bioreactor-based devices now recreate the physicochemical environments of specific organs, simulating features like perfusion and the gastrointestinal tract’s mucus layer, enhancing physiological relevance. These systems have been simplified and adapted for high-throughput research, marking significant progress. This review focuses on in vitro systems for modelling gastrointestinal tract cancer and the side effects of cancer treatment. While cell cultures and in vivo models are invaluable, our main emphasis is on bioreactor-based in vitro modelling systems that include the gut microbiome.
人类疾病具有多面性，始于细胞层面的改变，损害器官及其功能，并扰乱相互作用与免疫应答。体外系统提供了清晰度和标准化，这对于有效模拟疾病至关重要。这些模型的目的并非复制疾病的每个方面，而是精确剖析特定层面。受控环境使研究人员能够分离关键变量、排除混杂因素，从而更清晰地阐明疾病机制。技术进步迅速推动了模型系统的发展。最初，二维细胞培养模型探索了基本的细胞相互作用。向三维细胞培养和类器官的转变实现了更逼真的组织结构，并增强了细胞间相互作用。如今，基于先进生物反应器的设备能够重建特定器官的物理化学环境，模拟灌注和胃肠道黏液层等特征，从而增强了生理相关性。这些系统经过简化和调整，已适用于高通量研究，标志着重大进展。本综述重点关注用于模拟胃肠道癌症及癌症治疗副作用的体外系统。尽管细胞培养和体内模型具有不可估量的价值，但我们的主要关注点是包含肠道微生物组的基于生物反应器的体外建模系统。
Cellular and Microbial In Vitro Modelling of Gastrointestinal Cancer
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家