Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive, invasive, and growth factor-independent grade IV glioma. Survival following the diagnosis is generally poor, with a median survival of approximately 15 months, and it is considered the most aggressive and lethal central nervous system tumor. Conventional treatments based on surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy only delay progression, and death is inevitable. Malignant glioma cells are resistant to traditional therapies, potentially due to a subpopulation of glioma stem cells that are invasive and capable of rapid regrowth. Methods: This is a literature review. The systematic retrieval of information was performed on PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar. Specified keywords were used in PubMed and the articles retrieved were published in peer-reviewed scientific journals and were associated with brain GBM cancer and the sodium iodide symporter (NIS). Additionally, the words ‘radionuclide therapy OR mesenchyma, OR radioiodine OR iodine-131 OR molecular imaging OR gene therapy OR translational imaging OR targeted OR theranostic OR symporter OR virus OR solid tumor OR combined therapy OR pituitary OR plasmid AND glioblastoma OR GBM OR GB OR glioma’ were also used in the appropriate literature databases of PubMed and Google Scholar. A total of 68,244 articles were found in this search on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sodium Iodide Symporter and GBM. These articles were found till 2024. To study recent advances, a filter was added to include articles only from 2014 to 2024, duplicates were removed, and articles not related to the title were excluded. These came out to be 78 articles. From these, nine were not retrieved and only seven were selected after the removal of keyword mismatched articles. Appropriate studies were isolated, and important information from each of them was understood and entered into a database from which the information was used in this article. Results: As a result of their natural capacity to identify malignancies, MSCs are employed as tumor therapy vehicles. Because MSCs may be transplanted using several methods, they have been proposed as the ideal vehicles for NIS gene transfer. MSCs have been used as a delivery vector for anticancer drugs in many tumor models due to their capacity to move precisely to malignancies. Also, by directly injecting radiolabeled MSCs into malignant tumors, a therapeutic dosage of beta radiation may be deposited, with the added benefit that the tumor would only localize and not spread to the surrounding healthy tissues. Conclusion: The non-invasive imaging-based detection of glioma stem cells presents an alternate means to monitor the tumor and diagnose and evaluate recurrence. The sodium iodide symporter gene is a specific gene in a variety of human thyroid diseases that functions to move iodine into the cell. In recent years, an increasing number of studies related to the sodium iodide symporter gene have been reported in a variety of tumors and as therapeutic vectors for imaging and therapy. Gene therapy and nuclear medicine therapy for GBM provide a new direction. In all the preclinical studies reviewed, image-guided cell therapy led to greater survival benefits and, therefore, has the potential to be translated into techniques in glioblastoma treatment trials.
背景：胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）是一种高度侵袭性、浸润性且不依赖生长因子的IV级胶质瘤。确诊后患者生存期普遍较差，中位生存期约为15个月，被认为是侵袭性最强、致死率最高的中枢神经系统肿瘤。基于手术、化疗和放疗的传统疗法仅能延缓病情进展，死亡仍不可避免。恶性胶质瘤细胞对传统疗法具有抵抗性，这可能与胶质瘤干细胞亚群具有浸润性和快速再生能力有关。 方法：本文为文献综述。通过PubMed、Embase和Google Scholar数据库进行系统性文献检索。在PubMed中使用特定关键词，检索到的文章均发表于经同行评审的科学期刊，且与脑胶质母细胞瘤及钠碘同向转运体（NIS）相关。此外，在PubMed和Google Scholar相应文献数据库中还使用了以下检索词：“放射性核素治疗 或 间充质 或 放射性碘 或 碘-131 或 分子成像 或 基因治疗 或 转化成像 或 靶向 或 诊疗一体化 或 同向转运体 或 病毒 或 实体瘤 或 联合疗法 或 垂体 或 质粒 与 胶质母细胞瘤 或 GBM 或 GB 或 胶质瘤”。本次关于间充质干细胞钠碘同向转运体与GBM的检索共获得68,244篇文献，检索时间截至2024年。为聚焦最新进展，设置筛选条件仅纳入2014-2024年间文献，剔除重复及与主题无关文章后，最终获得78篇文献。其中9篇无法获取全文，在排除关键词不匹配文献后，最终选定7篇进行深入分析。通过提取各研究核心信息建立数据库，为本综述提供数据支持。 结果：凭借其天然识别恶性肿瘤的能力，间充质干细胞被用作肿瘤治疗载体。由于可通过多种途径移植，间充质干细胞被认为是NIS基因转导的理想载体。基于其精准趋向肿瘤的特性，间充质干细胞已在多种肿瘤模型中作为抗癌药物递送载体。此外，通过将放射性标记的间充质干细胞直接注射至恶性肿瘤内部，可实现治疗剂量的β射线沉积，其优势在于辐射仅局限于肿瘤区域，不会扩散至周围健康组织。 结论：基于无创成像的胶质瘤干细胞检测为肿瘤监测、复发诊断与评估提供了新途径。钠碘同向转运体基因作为多种人类甲状腺疾病的特异性基因，主要功能是介导碘离子向细胞内转运。近年来，越来越多的研究报道该基因在多种肿瘤中的表达及其作为成像与治疗载体的潜力。针对GBM的基因治疗与核医学治疗为临床实践提供了新方向。在所有回顾的临床前研究中，影像引导的细胞治疗均显示出显著的生存获益，因此有望转化为胶质母细胞瘤治疗试验中的新型技术手段。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家