Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. While immune checkpoint inhibitors have significantly improved patient outcomes, their effectiveness is mostly limited to tumors with microsatellite instability (MSI-H/dMMR) or an increased tumor mutational burden, which comprise 10% of cases. Advancing personalized medicine in CRC hinges on identifying predictive biomarkers to guide treatment decisions. This comprehensive review examines established tissue markers such as KRAS and HER2, highlighting their roles in resistance to anti-EGFR agents and discussing advances in targeted therapies for these markers. Additionally, this review summarizes encouraging data on promising therapeutic targets and highlights the clinical utility of liquid biopsies. By synthesizing current evidence and identifying knowledge gaps, this review provides clinicians and researchers with a contemporary understanding of the biomarker landscape in CRC. Finally, the review examines future directions and challenges in translating promising biomarkers into clinical practice, with the goal of enhancing personalized medicine approaches for colorectal cancer patients.
结直肠癌（CRC）仍是全球癌症相关死亡的第二大原因。尽管免疫检查点抑制剂显著改善了患者预后，但其疗效主要局限于具有微卫星不稳定性（MSI-H/dMMR）或肿瘤突变负荷增加的肿瘤，这类病例仅占10%。推进结直肠癌个体化医疗的关键在于识别能够指导治疗决策的预测性生物标志物。本综述系统梳理了KRAS、HER2等已确立的组织标志物，重点阐释了它们在抗EGFR药物耐药中的作用，并讨论了针对这些标志物的靶向治疗进展。同时，本文总结了具有潜力的治疗靶点的积极研究数据，强调了液体活检的临床应用价值。通过整合现有证据并指出知识空白，本综述为临床医生和研究人员提供了对结直肠癌生物标志物现状的前沿认知。最后，本文探讨了将潜力生物标志物转化为临床实践的未来方向与挑战，旨在为结直肠癌患者提升个体化医疗策略。
Exploring Predictive and Prognostic Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer: A Comprehensive Review
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家