Colorectal cancer (CRC) has the highest mortality rate among men and is the second highest among women under fifty, with incidence and mortality rates rising in younger populations. Studies indicate that up to one-third of patients diagnosed before fifty have a family history or genetic factors, highlighting the need for earlier screening. Contrariwise, diagnosis in healthy subjects through screening strategies enables early-stage detection of the tumor and better clinical outcomes. In recent years, mortality rates of CRC in Western countries have been on a steady decline, which is largely attributed to widespread screening programs and advancements in treatment modalities. Indeed, early detection through screening significantly improves prognosis, with stark differences in survival rates between localized and metastatic disease. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature, delving into the performance and efficacy of various CRC screening strategies. It navigates through available screening tools, evaluating their efficacy and cost-effectiveness. The discussion extends to delineating target populations for screening, emphasizing the importance of tailored approaches for individuals at heightened risk.
结直肠癌（CRC）在男性中死亡率最高，在五十岁以下女性中死亡率位居第二，且年轻人群的发病率和死亡率呈上升趋势。研究表明，在五十岁前确诊的患者中，高达三分之一具有家族史或遗传因素，这凸显了早期筛查的必要性。相反，通过筛查策略在健康人群中诊断，能够实现肿瘤的早期发现并获得更好的临床结局。近年来，西方国家结直肠癌死亡率持续下降，这在很大程度上归功于广泛的筛查计划和治疗手段的进步。事实上，通过筛查实现早期检测显著改善了预后，局部病变与转移性疾病的生存率存在显著差异。本文旨在全面回顾现有文献，深入探讨各种结直肠癌筛查策略的表现与效能。文章系统梳理了现有筛查工具，评估其有效性和成本效益，并进一步界定了筛查的目标人群，强调针对高风险个体采取定制化筛查方案的重要性。
Screening and Surveillance of Colorectal Cancer: A Review of the Literature
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家