A raise in the incidence of NENs is expected. Therefore, the identification of new therapeutic strategies, such as immunotherapy, remains crucial. To date, immune checkpoint inhibitors as monotherapy have shown modest activity in unselected NENs. Although immunotherapy combos (plus another immune agents or chemotherapy, among others) are potentially more active than single agents, this has not been uniformly confirmed, even in high-grade NENs. Other immunotherapeutic strategies under development include bispecific antibodies, targeting specific tumor antigens like DLL3, and cell therapy. Currently, no predictive immune biomarkers are available to guide clinical decisions. A comprehensive tumor molecular profiling approach needs to be developed for the selection of patients with NEN who could potentially benefit from immunotherapy. Ideally, clinical trials should incorporate this tumor molecular profiling to identify predictive biomarkers and improve efficacy. Achieving this goal requires an international collaborative effort.
神经内分泌肿瘤（NENs）的发病率预计将呈上升趋势。因此，探索新的治疗策略（如免疫疗法）仍至关重要。目前，未经筛选的NEN患者中，免疫检查点抑制剂单药治疗仅显示出有限的疗效。尽管联合免疫疗法（如联合其他免疫制剂或化疗等）可能比单药更具活性，但即使在高级别NEN中，这一结论尚未得到普遍证实。其他正在研发的免疫治疗策略包括双特异性抗体（靶向DLL3等特定肿瘤抗原）以及细胞疗法。目前尚无可用于指导临床决策的预测性免疫生物标志物。需建立全面的肿瘤分子谱分析方法，以筛选可能从免疫治疗中获益的NEN患者。理想情况下，临床试验应整合肿瘤分子谱分析，以识别预测性生物标志物并提升疗效。实现这一目标需要国际协作努力。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家