Clear-cell Renal-Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of renal-cell carcinoma (RCC). In many cases, RCC patients manifest the first symptoms during the advanced stage of the disease. For this reason, immunotherapy appears to be one of the dominant treatments to achieve a resolution. In this review, we focus on the presentation of the main immune checkpoint proteins that act as negative regulators of immune responses, such as PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIGIT, and TIM-3, and their respective inhibitors. Interleukin-2, another potential component of the treatment of ccRCC patients, has also been covered. The synergy between several immunotherapies is one of the main aspects that unites the conclusions of research in recent years. To date, the combination of several immunotherapies enhances the efficacy of a monotherapy, which often manifests important limitations. Immunotherapy aimed at restoring the anti-cancer immune response in ccRCC, involved in the recognition and elimination of cancer cells, may also be a valid solution for many other types of immunogenic tumors that are diagnosed in the final stages.
透明细胞肾细胞癌（ccRCC）是肾细胞癌（RCC）中最常见的亚型。多数情况下，肾细胞癌患者在疾病进展至晚期阶段才首次出现临床症状。因此，免疫治疗成为实现疾病缓解的主要治疗策略之一。本综述重点阐述作为免疫应答负向调控因子的主要免疫检查点蛋白（包括PD-1、CTLA-4、LAG-3、TIGIT和TIM-3）及其相应抑制剂的研究进展，同时涵盖白细胞介素-2在透明细胞肾细胞癌治疗中的潜在应用价值。近年来多项研究结论共同指出，多种免疫疗法的协同作用是当前研究的重要方向。迄今为止，联合免疫治疗方案能有效克服单一疗法的显著局限性，显著提升治疗效果。针对透明细胞肾细胞癌开发的、旨在恢复机体识别与清除癌细胞能力的抗癌免疫应答疗法，对于其他在终末期确诊的免疫原性肿瘤同样具有重要应用价值。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家