The fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification for urogenital tumors, released in 2022, introduces some novelties in the chapter on renal epithelial tumors compared to the previous 2016 classification. Significant changes include the recognition of new disease entities and adjustments in the nomenclature for certain pathologies. Notably, each tumor entity now includes minimum essential and desirable criteria for reliable diagnosis. This classification highlights the importance of biological and molecular characterization alongside traditional cytological and architectural features. In this view, immunophenotyping through immunohistochemistry (IHC) plays a crucial role in bridging morphology and genetics. This article aims to present and discuss the role of key immunohistochemical markers that support the diagnosis of new entities recognized in the WHO classification, focusing on critical topics associated with single markers, in the context of specific tumors, such as the clear cell capillary renal cell tumor (CCPRCT), eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma (ESC-RCC), and so-called “other oncocytic tumors”, namely the eosinophilic vacuolated tumor (EVT) and low-grade oncocytic tumor (LOT). Their distinctive characteristics and immunophenotypic profiles, along with insights regarding diagnostic challenges and the differential diagnosis of these tumors, are provided. This state-of-the-art review offers valuable insights in biomarkers associated with novel renal tumors, as well as a tool to implement diagnostic strategies in routine practice.
世界卫生组织（WHO）2022年发布的第五版泌尿生殖系统肿瘤分类，在肾上皮性肿瘤章节相较于2016年版分类引入了一些新内容。重要变化包括对新疾病实体的确认以及对部分病理学命名的调整。值得注意的是，每个肿瘤实体现在都包含了可靠诊断所需的最低必要标准和理想标准。该分类强调了生物学和分子特征与传统细胞学及组织结构特征并重的重要性。在此视角下，免疫组织化学（IHC）免疫表型分析在连接形态学与遗传学方面发挥着关键作用。本文旨在阐述并讨论支持WHO分类中新确认实体诊断的关键免疫组织化学标志物的作用，重点关注与特定肿瘤（如透明细胞乳头状肾细胞肿瘤、嗜酸性实性和囊性肾细胞癌以及所谓“其他嗜酸细胞肿瘤”——即嗜酸性空泡状肿瘤和低级别嗜酸细胞肿瘤）相关的单一标志物的关键议题。文中提供了这些肿瘤的独特特征和免疫表型谱，并对其诊断挑战及鉴别诊断提出了见解。这篇前沿综述为新型肾肿瘤相关生物标志物提供了有价值的见解，并为常规实践中实施诊断策略提供了实用工具。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家