Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. There are disparities in the epidemiology of CRC across different populations, most probably due to differences in exposure to lifestyle and environmental factors related to CRC. Prevention is the most effective method for controlling CRC. Primary prevention includes determining and avoiding modifiable risk factors (e.g., alcohol consumption, smoking, and dietary factors) as well as increasing protective factors (e.g., physical activity, aspirin). Further studies, especially randomized, controlled trials, are needed to clarify the association between CRC incidence and exposure to different risk factors or protective factors. Detection and removal of precancerous colorectal lesions is also an effective strategy for controlling CRC. Multiple factors, both at the individual and community levels (e.g., patient preferences, availability of screening modalities, costs, benefits, and adverse events), should be taken into account in designing and implementing CRC screening programs. Health policymakers should consider the best decision in identifying the starting age and selection of the most effective screening strategies for the target population. This review aims to present updated evidence on the epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of CRC.
结直肠癌是全球第三大常见癌症，也是癌症相关死亡的第二大主要原因。不同人群间结直肠癌的流行病学特征存在差异，这很可能与生活方式和环境风险因素的暴露程度不同有关。预防是控制结直肠癌最有效的手段。一级预防包括确定并避免可改变的危险因素（如饮酒、吸烟和饮食因素），同时增加保护性因素（如体力活动、阿司匹林）。未来需要更多研究，尤其是随机对照试验，以阐明结直肠癌发病率与不同危险因素或保护性因素暴露之间的关联。检测并切除癌前结直肠病变同样是控制结直肠癌的有效策略。在设计和实施结直肠癌筛查项目时，需综合考虑个体及社区层面的多重因素（如患者偏好、筛查方式的可及性、成本、效益及不良事件）。卫生政策制定者应确定目标人群的最佳起始筛查年龄，并选择最有效的筛查策略。本综述旨在呈现结直肠癌流行病学、危险因素及预防措施的最新证据。
Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家