Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death and the sixth most diagnosed malignancy worldwide. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is the traditional, ubiquitous biomarker for HCC. However, there has been an increasing call for the use of multiple biomarkers to optimize care for these patients. AFP, AFP-L3, and prothrombin induced by vitamin K absence II (DCP) have described clinical utility for HCC, but unfortunately, they also have well established and significant limitations. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), genomic glycosylation, and even totally non-invasive salivary metabolomics and/or micro-RNAS demonstrate great promise for early detection and long-term surveillance, but still require large-scale prospective validation to definitively validate their clinical validity. This review aims to provide an update on clinically available and emerging biomarkers for HCC, focusing on their respective clinical strengths and weaknesses.
肝细胞癌（HCC）是全球癌症相关死亡的第三大原因，也是第六大常见恶性肿瘤。血清甲胎蛋白（AFP）是传统且广泛应用的HCC生物标志物。然而，越来越多的人呼吁使用多种生物标志物来优化这类患者的诊疗。AFP、AFP-L3和维生素K缺乏诱导的凝血酶原II（DCP）已被证实对HCC具有临床价值，但遗憾的是，它们也存在明确且显著的局限性。循环肿瘤DNA（ctDNA）、基因组糖基化，甚至完全非侵入性的唾液代谢组学和/或微小RNA在早期检测和长期监测方面展现出巨大潜力，但仍需大规模前瞻性验证以明确其临床有效性。本综述旨在更新HCC临床可用及新兴生物标志物的研究进展，重点探讨其各自的临床优势与不足。
Emerging and Clinically Accepted Biomarkers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家