Men have 2–3 times the rate of most non-sex-specific cancers compared to women, but whether this is due to differences in biological or environmental factors remains poorly understood. This study investigated sex differences in cancer incidence by race and ethnicity. Cancer incidence data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) program (2000–2019) were used to calculate male-to-female incidence rate ratios (MF IRRs) for each cancer site, stratified by race and ethnicity, and age-standardized to the 2000 U.S. population for individuals ages ≥ 20 years. Among 49 cancer sites, 44 showed male predominance (MF IRR > 1), with seven inconsistencies across race and ethnicity, including cancers of the lip, tongue, hypopharynx, retroperitoneum, larynx, pleura cancers, and Kaposi sarcoma. Four cancers exhibited a female predominance (MF IRR < 1), with only gallbladder and anus cancers varying by race and ethnicity. The MF IRRs for cancer of the cranial nerves and other nervous system malignancies showed no sex differences and were consistent (MF IRR = 1) across race and ethnicity. The MF IRRs for most cancers were consistent across race and ethnicity, implying that biological etiologies are driving the observed sex difference. The lack of MF IRR variability by race and ethnicity suggests a minimal impact of environmental exposure on sex differences in cancer incidence. Further research is needed to identify biological drivers of sex differences in cancer etiology.
与女性相比，男性患大多数非性别特异性癌症的比率高出2-3倍，但这一差异究竟源于生物学因素还是环境因素尚不明确。本研究通过种族和民族分层探讨了癌症发病率的性别差异。利用美国监测、流行病学和最终结果（SEER）数据库（2000-2019年）的癌症发病率数据，计算了各癌症部位男性与女性发病率比值（MF IRR），并按种族和民族进行分层，同时以2000年美国人口为标准对20岁及以上个体进行年龄标准化。在49个癌症部位中，44个呈现男性主导趋势（MF IRR > 1），其中7个存在种族和民族间差异，包括唇癌、舌癌、下咽癌、腹膜后癌、喉癌、胸膜癌和卡波西肉瘤。4种癌症呈现女性主导趋势（MF IRR < 1），仅胆囊癌和肛门癌存在种族和民族差异。颅神经及其他神经系统恶性肿瘤的MF IRR未显示性别差异，且在各类族和民族间保持稳定（MF IRR = 1）。大多数癌症的MF IRR在不同种族和民族间具有一致性，表明观察到的性别差异主要由生物学病因驱动。MF IRR缺乏种族和民族间变异，提示环境暴露对癌症发病率性别差异的影响有限。未来需进一步研究以明确导致癌症病因学性别差异的生物学驱动因素。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家