Recent therapeutic advancements have markedly increased the survival rates of individuals with multiple myeloma (MM), doubling survival compared to pre-2000 estimates. This progress, driven by highly effective novel agents, suggests a growing population of MM survivors exceeding the 10-year mark post-diagnosis. However, contemporary clinical observations indicate potential trends toward more aggressive relapse phenotypes, characterized by extramedullary disease and dominant proliferative clones, despite these highly effective treatments. To build upon these advances, it is crucial to develop models of MM evolution, particularly focusing on understanding the biological mechanisms behind its development outside the bone marrow. This comprehensive understanding is essential to devising innovative treatment strategies. This review emphasizes the role of 3D models, specifically addressing the bone marrow microenvironment and development of extramedullary sites. It explores the current state-of-the-art in MM modelling, highlighting challenges in replicating the disease’s complexity. Recognizing the unique demand for accurate models, the discussion underscores the potential impact of these advanced 3D models on understanding and combating this heterogeneous and still incurable disease.
近年来，多发性骨髓瘤（MM）的治疗进展显著提高了患者的生存率，相较于2000年前的预估数据，生存期已实现翻倍。这一进步主要得益于高效新型药物的应用，使得超过10年生存期的MM幸存者群体日益扩大。然而，尽管治疗手段日益精进，当前临床观察显示疾病复发可能呈现更具侵袭性的表型趋势，其特征表现为髓外病变及显性增殖克隆的出现。为巩固现有成果，构建多发性骨髓瘤的演进模型至关重要，尤其需要聚焦于理解其骨髓外发展的生物学机制。这种全面认识对于制定创新治疗策略具有决定性意义。本综述重点探讨三维模型的作用，特别关注骨髓微环境及髓外病灶的发展机制。文章系统梳理了当前多发性骨髓瘤建模领域的前沿进展，指出在复现疾病复杂性方面面临的挑战。基于对精准模型的特殊需求，本文着重论证了这些先进三维模型在理解和应对这种异质性且尚未被征服的疾病方面可能产生的深远影响。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家