Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most heterogeneous and deadly diseases, with a global incidence of 1.5 million cases per year. Genomics has revolutionized the clinical management of CRC by enabling comprehensive molecular profiling of cancer. However, a deeper understanding of the molecular factors is needed to identify new prognostic and predictive markers that can assist in designing more effective therapeutic regimens for the improved management of CRC. Recent breakthroughs in single-cell analysis have identified new cell subtypes that play a critical role in tumor progression and could serve as potential therapeutic targets. Spatial analysis of the transcriptome and proteome holds the key to unlocking pathogenic cellular interactions, while liquid biopsy profiling of molecular variables from serum holds great potential for monitoring therapy resistance. Furthermore, gene expression signatures from various pathways have emerged as promising prognostic indicators in colorectal cancer and have the potential to enhance the development of equitable medicine. The advancement of these technologies for identifying new markers, particularly in the domain of predictive and personalized medicine, has the potential to improve the management of patients with CRC. Further investigations utilizing similar methods could uncover molecular subtypes specific to emerging therapies, potentially strengthening the development of personalized medicine for CRC patients.
结直肠癌（CRC）是全球最具异质性和致命性的疾病之一，年发病率达150万例。基因组学通过对癌症进行全面分子谱分析，彻底改变了结直肠癌的临床管理。然而，需要更深入地理解分子因素，以识别新的预后和预测标志物，从而有助于设计更有效的治疗方案，改善结直肠癌的管理。单细胞分析的最新突破已识别出在肿瘤进展中起关键作用的新细胞亚型，这些亚型可能成为潜在的治疗靶点。转录组和蛋白质组的空间分析是揭示致病性细胞相互作用的关键，而血清中分子变量的液体活检分析在监测治疗耐药性方面具有巨大潜力。此外，来自不同通路的基因表达特征已成为结直肠癌中有前景的预后指标，并有望促进公平医疗的发展。这些识别新标志物的技术进步，特别是在预测性和个性化医疗领域，有望改善结直肠癌患者的管理。利用类似方法进行进一步研究，可能发现针对新兴疗法的特定分子亚型，从而有望加强结直肠癌患者个性化医疗的发展。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家