Malignant neoplasms are currently one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, posing a major public health challenge. However, recent advances in research in cancer biology and immunity have led to the development of immunotherapy, which is now used on an everyday basis in cancer treatment in addition to surgical treatment, classical cytostatics, and radiotherapy. The efficacy of immunotherapy has promoted the great popularity of this treatment among patients, as well as significant research interest. The increasing number of patients being treated with immunotherapy not only reassures physicians of the efficacy of this technique but also shows the wide spectrum of side effects of this therapy, which has not been considered before. Immune-related adverse events may affect many systems and organs, such as digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, skin, or endocrine organs. Most complications have a mild or moderate course, but there are life-threatening manifestations that are essential to be aware of because if they are not properly diagnosed and treated on time, they can have fatal consequences. The purpose of this paper was to present the results of a literature review on the current state of knowledge on life-threatening endocrine side effects (such as adrenal crisis, thyroid storm, myxoedema crisis, diabetic ketoacidosis, and severe hypocalcaemia) of immune checkpoint inhibitors to provide information on symptoms, diagnostics, and management strategies.
恶性肿瘤目前是全球范围内发病率和死亡率的主要原因之一，构成重大公共卫生挑战。然而，癌症生物学与免疫学研究的最新进展推动了免疫疗法的发展，如今该疗法已与手术治疗、传统细胞抑制剂及放射治疗共同成为癌症常规治疗手段。免疫疗法的显著疗效使其在患者群体中广受欢迎，并引发了广泛的研究关注。接受免疫治疗的患者数量不断增加，不仅使医生确信该技术的有效性，同时也揭示出此前未被充分认识的广泛治疗副作用。免疫相关不良事件可能影响多个系统和器官，例如消化系统、心血管系统、呼吸系统、皮肤或内分泌器官。多数并发症呈轻度或中度病程，但也存在危及生命的临床表现，这些症状必须得到充分重视——若未能及时准确诊断和治疗，可能导致致命后果。本文旨在通过文献综述，呈现当前关于免疫检查点抑制剂危及生命的内分泌副作用（如肾上腺危象、甲状腺危象、黏液水肿危象、糖尿病酮症酸中毒及严重低钙血症）的认知现状，并提供相关症状、诊断及治疗策略的信息。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家