The introduction of immunotherapy has brought about a paradigm shift in the management of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It has not only significantly improved the prognosis of patients but has also become a cornerstone of treatment, particularly in those without oncogenic driver mutations. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) play a crucial role in the treatment of lung cancer and can be classified into two main groups: Anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (Anti-CTLA-4) and anti-T-cell receptor programmed cell death-1 or its ligand (Anti-PD-1 and Anti-PD-L1). Certainly, the landscape of approved first line immunotherapeutic approaches has expanded to encompass monotherapy, immunotherapy-exclusive protocols, and combinations with chemotherapy. The complexity of decision-making in this realm arises due to the absence of direct prospective comparisons. However, a thorough analysis of the long-term efficacy and safety data derived from pivotal clinical trials can offer valuable insights into optimizing treatment for different patient subsets. Moreover, ongoing research is investigating emerging biomarkers and innovative therapeutic strategies that could potentially refine the current treatment approach even further. In this comprehensive review, our aim is to highlight the latest advances in immunotherapy for advanced NSCLC, including the mechanisms of action, efficacy, safety profiles, and clinical significance of ICI.
免疫疗法的引入为晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的治疗模式带来了根本性转变。它不仅显著改善了患者的预后，更成为治疗体系的基石，尤其对于无致癌驱动基因突变的患者群体。免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs）在肺癌治疗中发挥着关键作用，主要可分为两大类：抗细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原-4（Anti-CTLA-4）以及抗T细胞受体程序性死亡蛋白-1或其配体（Anti-PD-1与Anti-PD-L1）。当前获批的一线免疫治疗方案已扩展至单药治疗、纯免疫疗法方案以及与化疗的联合方案。由于缺乏直接的前瞻性比较研究，该领域的临床决策变得尤为复杂。然而，通过对关键临床试验的长期疗效与安全性数据进行深入分析，可为不同患者亚群优化治疗方案提供重要依据。此外，持续研究正在探索新兴生物标志物和创新治疗策略，这些进展有望进一步优化现有治疗模式。本综述旨在系统阐述晚期非SCLC免疫治疗的最新进展，包括免疫检查点抑制剂的作用机制、疗效、安全性特征及其临床意义。
肿瘤(癌症)患者之家